Established as per the Section 2(f) of the UGC Act, 1956

Approved by AICTE, COA and BCI, New Delhi

Course code: B20ME0701

Course title: Electric Vehicles and Hybrid Vehicles

School of Mechanical Engineering

Dr Manjunatha L H
[email protected]

A.Y_2024-2025
COURSE OVERVIEW

• This course is targeting students who wish to pursue research &

development in industries or higher studies in the field of Electric and
Hybrid Vehicles and upcoming market for retrofit of existing IC engine
vehicles with electric motors. It also offers in depth knowledge about
working of an Electric Vehicle by covering study of Vehicle
fundamentals of EVs and its various components. The course gives an
introductory level knowledge on working fundamentals of different
electric motors, motor controllers, control techniques, electric vehicle
drive train, regenerative braking and different types of hybrid
vehicles.
COURSE OBJECTIVES

• To provide the students with sufficient knowledge on series, parallel and

complex hybrid architectures of automobile vehicles.
• To enable the students to understand the concept of electric drive trains,
hybrid architectures and hybrid power plant specifications.
• To help the students to understand the concept of sizing the drive system,
energy storage and their alternatives, energy management and control system.
• To provide the knowledge of the various hybrid and load tracking architectures
with knowledge on Hybrid power plant specifications.
• To impart knowledge on various energy management and control strategies,
energy storage systems like batteries and alternate energy storage systems like
fuel cells.
COURSE OUTCOMES (COs)
After the completion of the course, the student will be able to:

• Describe the systems of electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles and their
relevance to society and environment.
• Recognize different configurations of power trains used in hybrid vehicles and
identify the hybrid load tracking architectures.
• Illustrate the working of different types of electrical machines, motors and
drive topologies.
• Demonstrate the electric propulsion unit and Identify the communication
protocols and technologies used in vehicle networks.
• Analyze performance of battery based energy storage and problems
associated with battery systems used in electric hybrid vehicles.
• Describe the characteristics of fuel cell technology.
COURSE CONTENT

• Unit-1
• Introduction: Sustainable Transportation, A Brief History of EHVs,
Need of EHV technology, Architectures of EHVs, social and
environmental importance of hybrid and electric vehicles, Challenges
and Key Technology of EHVs.
• EHV Fundamentals: Basics of vehicle performance, vehicle power
source characterization, transmission characteristic and mathematical
models to describe vehicle performance
Unit-2

• Hybrid Electric Drive-trains: Basic Architecture of Hybrid Drive Trains,

Energy Savings Potential of Hybrid Drivetrains, Hybrid drive train
configurations- series configuration, Parallel configurations, Series-
Parallel configurations and complex configurations, power flow
control in hybrid drive-train topologies
• Basic Architecture of Electric Drive Trains: Electric Vehicles drive train
configurations, Introduction to various electric drive-train topologies,
Electric Vehicle (EV) drivetrain Alternatives Based on Drivetrain
Configuration, Electric Vehicle (EV) Drivetrain Alternatives Based on
Power Source Configuration.
Unit-3

• Electric Propulsion unit: Electric components used in hybrid and

electric vehicles, Configuration and control of DC Motor drives,
Configuration and control of Induction Motor drives, introduction to
Permanent Magnet Motors.
• Control Systems for the EHV and EVs: In vehicle networks- CAN,
Energy Management Strategies: Energy management strategies used
in hybrid and electric vehicles, classification of different energy
management strategies, comparison of different energy management
strategies
Unit-4

• Energy Storage: Introduction to Energy Storage Requirements in

Hybrid and Electric Vehicles, Battery Parameters, Different types of
Battery used in EHVs, Battery based energy storage and its analysis,
Problems associated with battery systems in EHVs, Temperature
controlling methods, advanced battery technologies.
• Fuel Cells: Fuel Cell Characteristics - Fuel Cell Types – Alkaline Fuel
Cell - Proton Exchange Membrane - Direct Methanol Fuel Cell - Solid
Oxide Fuel Cell- Hydrogen Storage Systems- Reformers - Fuel Cell EV -
Super and Ultra Capacitors -Flywheels.
TEXT BOOKS

• Iqbal Hussein, “Electric and Hybrid Vehicles: Design Fundamentals”,

4th Edition, CRC Press, 2003.
• M. Ehsani, Y. Gao and Ali Emadi, “Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric and
Fuel Cell Vehicles”, 2nd Edition, CRC Press, London, 2010.
• James Larminie, John Lowry, “Electric Vehicle Technology”, Wiley
publications, 3rd Edition, 2003.
REFERENCE BOOKS

• James Larminie, John Lowry, “Electric Vehicle Technology Explained”,

3rd edition, Wiley, 2003
• Seth Leitman, “Build Your Own Electric Vehicle” McGraw-Hill, 2nd
Edition, 2013.
• Chris Mi, M A Masrur, D W Gao, “Hybrid Electric Vehicles – Principles
and applications with practical perspectives”, 4th edition, Wiley, 2011
• C.C Chan, K.T Chau, “Modern Electric Vehicle Technology”, Oxford
University Press Inc., New York 2001.
• JOURNALS/MAGAZINES
• https://ww
w.sciencedirect.com/book/9780444535658/electric-and-hybrid-vehicl
es
• https://ww
w.scimagojr.com/journalsearch.php?q=11600153305&tip=sid
• SWAYAM/NPTEL/MOOCs:
• 1. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108/103/108103009/
• https://www.edx.org/course/electric-cars-technology
• https://www.classcentral.com/course/edx-hybrid-vehicles-10285
Automotive Engineering_ EV & HV
National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) 2020
IC Engines Vs Electric Vehicles
IC Engines Vs Electric Vehicles
IC Engines
Suspension System &
Brakes
Suspension System _Springs (Leaf spring)
 Suspension
System_Torsion Bar
Suspension System_Coil
Spring
Pneumatic Spring_Air
suspensions
Shock Absorber/Dampers_ Twin tube
(Energy dissipating element)
 Classification of Suspension System
Connection between left and right wheels
1.Dependent
2.Independent suspension

Dependent suspension
Independent suspension
system
Independent Suspension
System
1. Mac pherson strut suspension
Independent Suspension System
2. Double wishbone(A-arm) suspension
 Independent Suspension System
3.Trailing arm suspension

Landing gear with oleo shock absorber

and trailing link
Dependent suspension
1.Solid axle leaf spring suspension
Dependent suspension
2.Solid axle coil spring suspension
Dependent suspension
3.Beam axle suspension
Drum Brake
Disc Brakes
Thank You
IC Engines Vs Electric Vehicles
IC Engines Vs Electric Vehicles
IC Engines
Leading Electric Two-Wheeler Companies in India

India is aiming for 100% electrification by 2030. To achieve this

target, the government is switching towards cleaner
transportation and personal mobility.

Several traditional companies like Mahindra Electric and Hero

Moto corp Ltd. are rapidly increasing their presence in this
space. Startups are not far behind as well. New-age companies
like Ola Electric, Okinawa Auto tech and Ather Energy have
shown higher sales growth over the years.

The registered EV two-wheeler sales in November 2021 saw a growth of 5 times as more than 22,500 units were sold
compared to 4000 units that were sold in November during the previous year. According to research by the India
Rating & Research (Ind-Ra), the electric two-wheeler industry is expected to grow at a strong compounded annual
growth rate of 75-80 per cent between FY22 to FY25.
 Hero Electric is the largest player in the Electric two Wheeler (E2W) market
in India. It is a subsidiary of Hero Moto Corp which is a multi-company with
diversified interests such as Electric Vehicles, Exports, Bicycles, Healthcare
and Real Estate.

Hero Electric launched its first lithium-ion battery-based scooter in 2017.

Presently, the company has 600+ dealership networks across the country,
which are present in more than 325 cities. The company recorded sales of
around 24,000 electric scooters during October- November of 2021 as
compared to 11,400 units it sold in the same period last year.

Bajaj Auto Limited is an Indian multinational two-wheeler and three-

wheeler manufacturing company. The company is a part of the Bajaj
Group. It stands as the world’s third-largest manufacturer of motorcycles
and the second-largest in India.

TVS Motor Company Ltd is the third largest two-wheeler manufacturer in India and one
among the top ten in the world. It has a strong presence in developing markets like Latin
America, South Asia, the Middle East and Africa.
TVS Motor informed the stock exchanges about the incorporation of TVS Electric Mobility
Limited
Okinawa Autotech Pvt Ltd. is an electric two-wheeler manufacturer based in Haryana. The company operates 24 dealerships
presently and plans to open 450 dealerships across the country in a phased manner over the next years.

It is one of the old players in the electric two-wheeler segment. The company recently achieved a new milestone with sales
crossing the 100,000 mark in the Indian market. The company plans to bring in 3 electric scooter models every year and will
also look at manufacturing E-Motorcycles in the near future

Ather Energy Pvt. Ltd. is an Indian electric vehicle company, founded in 2013. The fast-
growing Bangalore-based company has taken third place in the Top 25 EV OEM list. It is
backed by Hero MotorCorp which holds around a 32% stake in the startup. Ather has an
approximately 11% market share in the electric two-wheeler industry.

The smart e-scooter maker has sold 14,152 units in the first 11 months of this year. Despite having just two models on offer –
Ather 450X and 450 Plus – the company has seen an uptick in demand. In addition to investing in its fast-charging network
Ather Grid 2.0, the OEM is also working on an affordable e-scooter, which is expected to bring in more numbers. Ather is
rapidly adding fast-charging stations to its growing network every month, with a target of 500 across the country.
PURENERGY acronym stands for Power Using Renewable Energy as the main focus of the company is to enable
the transition to sustainable energy sources. The company made a foray into manufacturing of electric two-
wheeler under the brand “PURE EV” and high-performance Lithium batteries under the brand “PURE Lithium”.
It is one of the expected to become one of the leading EV startups of India in times to come! Pure EV is at
fourth rank clocking sales of 9,363 units. Their performance is noteworthy, given that it has jumped three
ranks, moving up from the seventh position in FY20.

Ola Electric Mobility is an Indian electric two-wheeler manufacturer, based in

Bangalore. It spun out of Ola in 2019, had started the deliveries of its electric scooters
in December. The Unicorn EV manufacturer is heading towards public listing soon.
Recently, the company has expanded its authorized share capital by a whopping
17,121%.
Ola’s S1 is mentioned as one of the most important electric two-wheeler launches of
2021 in India.
It comes as a premium electric scooter designed following Etergo AppScooter. Ola
Electric has received an overwhelming response for the e-scooter. The company
commenced deliveries earlier this month after opening the purchase window in
September this year.
 Lithium batteries
Lithium batteries are primary batteries that have metallic lithium as an anode. These
types of batteries are also referred to as lithium-metal batteries.

They stand apart from other batteries in their high charge density and high cost per unit.
Depending on the design and chemical compounds used, lithium cells can produce
voltages from 1.5 V (comparable to a zinc–carbon or alkaline battery) to about 3.7 V.
OLA S1
PRO
EXPERT TALK ON BATTERY TECHNOLOGY

D r. N a g a r a j u D H
Professor, School of Applied Sciences - Chemistry, REVA University, Bangalore
Common Types of Electric Vehicles
A series hybrid is like a battery electric vehicle (BEV) in design.
Here, the combustion engine drives an electric generator
instead of directly driving the wheels. The generator both
charges a battery and powers an electric motor that moves the
vehicle. When large amounts of power are required, the motor
draws electricity from both the battery and the generator.

Modern examples include the Cadillac

ELR, Chevrolet Volt, and Fisker Karma.
A parallel hybrid is propelled by both an internal combustion
engine (ICE) and an electric motor connected to a mechanical
transmission. Power distribution between the engine and
the motor is varied so both run in their optimum operating
region as much as possible. There is no separate generator in a
parallel hybrid. Whenever the generator's operation is needed,
the motor functions as generator. In a parallel mild hybrid, the
vehicle can never drive in pure electric mode. The electric
motor turns on only when a boost is needed.
The vehicle can be powered by the gasoline engine working
alone, the electric motor by itself, or by both energy converters
working together. Power distribution between the engine and
motor is designed so that the engine can run in its optimum
operating range as much as possible.
A series hybrid is like a battery electric vehicle (BEV)
in design. Here, the combustion engine drives an
electric generator instead of directly driving the
wheels. The generator both charges a battery and
powers an electric motor that moves the vehicle.
DC MOTOR DRIVES
 DC motor
A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical motors that converts direct current
(DC) electrical energy into mechanical energy. The most common types rely on the
forces produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal
mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change the
direction of current in part of the motor.

DC motors were the first form of motor widely used, as they could be powered from
existing direct-current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's speed can be
controlled over a wide range, using either a variable supply voltage or by changing
the strength of current in its field windings.

Small DC motors are used in tools, toys, and appliances. The universal motor can
operate on direct current but is a lightweight brushed motor used for portable power
tools and appliances.

Larger DC motors are currently used in propulsion of electric vehicles, elevator and
hoists, and in drives for steel rolling mills. The advent of power electronics has made
replacement of DC motors with AC motors possible in many applications.
DC MOTOR DRIVES
DC motor drives have been widely used in applications requiring adjustable speed, good speed regulation,
and frequent starting, braking and reversing. Various DC motor drives have been widely applied to
different electric traction.

Types of Motors used in Electric Vehicles

Electric vehicles are not something new to this world, but with
the technological advancement and increased concern on
controlling pollution has given it a tag of future mobility. The
core element of the EV, apart from Electric Vehicle Batteries,
which replaces the Internal Combustion engines is an Electric
motor. The rapid development in the field of Power electronics
and control techniques has created a space for various types of
electric motors to be used in Electric Vehicles. The electric
motors used for automotive applications should have
characteristics like high starting torque, high power density,
good efficiency, etc.
A commutator is a rotary electrical switch in certain types of electric motors and electrical generators that
periodically reverses the current direction between the rotor and the external circuit.

It consists of a cylinder composed of multiple metal contact segments on the rotating armature of the machine.

Two or more electrical contacts called "brushes" made of a soft conductive material like carbon press against the
commutator, making sliding contact with successive segments of the commutator as it rotates.

The windings (coils of wire) on the armature are connected to the commutator segments.
Difference between Armature & Commutator
Various types of Electric Motors used in Electric Vehicles
1.DC Series Motor
2.Brushless DC Motor
3.Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM)
4.Three Phase AC Induction Motors
5.Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM)
1.DC Series Motor
High starting torque capability of the DC Series motor makes it a suitable option for traction application.
It was the most widely used motor for traction application in the early 1900s.

The advantages of this motor are easy speed control and it can also withstand a sudden increase in load.
All these characteristics make it an ideal traction motor.

The main drawback of DC series motor is high maintenance due to brushes and commutators.

These motors are used in Indian railways. This motor comes under the category of DC brushed motors.

Construction of Series DC Motor

Construction wise a this motor is similar to any other
types of DC motors in almost all aspects. It consists of all the
fundamental components like the stator housing the field
winding or the rotor carrying the armature conductors, and the
other vital parts like the commutator or the brush segments all
attached in the proper sequence as in the case of a generic
DC motor.
Application of DC Series motor
Cranes.
Air compressor.
Lifts.
Elevators.
Winching system.
Electric traction.
Hair drier.
Vacuum cleaner and in speed regulation application.
2.Brushless DC Motor

The simplest type of motor is the brushed DC motor. In this type of

motor, electrical current is passed through coils that are arranged
within a fixed magnetic field. The current generates magnetic fields in
the coils; this causes the coil assembly to rotate, as each coil is pushed
away from the like pole and pulled toward the unlike pole of the fixed
field. To maintain rotation, it is necessary to continually reverse the
Motor converts supplied electrical energy into current—so that coil polarities will continually flip, causing the coils to
mechanical energy. Various types of motors are in continue “chasing” the unlike fixed poles. Power to the coils is supplied
common use. Among these, brushless DC motors through fixed conductive brushes that make contact with a rotating
(BLDC) feature high efficiency and excellent commutator; it is the rotation of the commutator that causes the
controllability, and are widely used in many reversal of the current through the coils. The commutator and brushes
applications. The BLDC motor has power-saving are the key components distinguishing the brushed DC motor from
advantages relative to other motor types. other motor types
 Applications for BLDC Motors

1. We’ve seen that BLDC motors offer high efficiency and controllability, and that they have a long operating
life. So what are they good for? Because of their efficiency and longevity, they are widely used in devices that
run continuously.

2. They have long been used in washing machines, air conditioners, and other consumer electronics; and more
recently, they are appearing in fans, where their high efficiency has contributed to a significant reduction in
power consumption.

3. They are also being used to drive vacuum machines. In one case, a change in the control program resulted in
a large jump in rotational speed—an example of the superlative controllability offered by these motors.

4. BLDC motors are also being used to spin hard disc drives, where their durability keeps the drives operating
dependably over the long term, while their power efficiency contributes to energy reduction in an area
where this is becoming increasingly important.
 Advantages of BLDC Motors

1. A BLDC motor with three coils on the stator will have six electrical wires (two to each coil)
extending from these coils. In most implementations three of these wires will be connected
internally, with the three remaining wires extending from the motor body (in contrast to the two
wires extending from the brushed motor described earlier). Wiring in the BLDC motor case is more
complicated than simply connecting the power cell’s positive and negative terminals;

2. One big advantage is efficiency, as these motors can control continuously at maximum rotational
force (torque). Brushed motors, in contrast, reach maximum torque at only certain points in the
rotation. For a brushed motor to deliver the same torque as a brushless model, it would need to
use larger magnets. This is why even small BLDC motors can deliver considerable power.

3. The second big advantage—related to the first—is controllability. BLDC motors can be controlled,
using feedback mechanisms, to delivery precisely the desired torque and rotation speed. Precision
control in turn reduces energy consumption and heat generation, and—in cases where motors are
battery powered—lengthens the battery life.
3.Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
The permanent magnet synchronous motors are one of the types of
AC synchronous motors, where the field is excited by permanent
magnets that generate sinusoidal back EMF. It contains a rotor and
stator same as that of an induction motor, but a permanent magnet
is used as a rotor to create a magnetic field. Hence there is no need
to wound field winding on the rotor. It is also known as a 3-phase
brushless permanent sine wave motor.
 Working of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor

The working of the permanent magnet synchronous motor is very simple, fast, and effective when compared to
conventional motors. The working of PMSM depends on the rotating magnetic field of the stator and the constant
magnetic field of the rotor. The permanent magnets are used as the rotor to create constant magnetic flux, operates and
locks at synchronous speed. These types of motors are similar to brushless DC motors.

The phasor groups are formed by joining the windings of the stator with one another. These phasor groups are joined
together to form different connections like a star, Delta, double and single phases. To reduce harmonic voltages, the
windings should be wound shortly with each other.

When the 3-phase AC supply is given to the stator, it creates a rotating magnetic field and the constant magnetic field is
induced due to the permanent magnet of the rotor. This rotor operates in synchronism with the synchronous speed. The
whole working of the PMSM depends on the air gap between the stator and rotor with no load.

If the air gap is large, then the windage losses of the motor will be reduced. The field poles created by the permanent
magnet are salient. The permanent magnet synchronous motors are not self-starting motors. So, it is necessary to
control the variable frequency of the stator electronically.
Applications
The permanent magnet synchronous motors applications are,
Air conditioners
Refrigerators
 AC compressors
Washing machines, which are direct-drive
Automotive electrical power steering
Machine tools
Large power systems to improve leading, and lagging power
factor
Control of traction
 Data storage units.
Servo drives
Industrial applications like robotics, aerospace, and many more.
Advantages of permanent magnet synchronous motor

1. provides higher efficiency at high speeds

2. available in small sizes at different packages
3. maintenance and installation is very easy than an induction motor
4. capable of maintaining full torque at low speeds.
5. high efficiency and reliability
6. gives smooth torque and dynamic performance

Disadvantages

1. These type of motors are very expensive when compared to induction motors
2. Somehow difficult to start-up because they are not self-starting motors.
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor vs BLDC
Three Phase AC Induction Motors

An electrical motor is an electromechanical device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. In the case of
three-phase AC (Alternating Current) operation, the most widely used motor is a 3 phase induction motor, as this type of
motor does not require an additional starting device. These types of motors are known as self-starting induction motors.
To get a good understanding of the working principle of a three-phase induction motor, it’s essential to understand the
construction of a 3 phase induction motor. A 3 phase induction motor consists of two major parts:
A stator
A rotor
 Stator of 3 Phase Induction Motor
The stator of three phase induction motor is made up of numbers of slots to construct a 3
phase winding circuit which we connect with 3 phase AC source. We arrange the three-
phase winding in such a manner in the slots that they produce one rotating magnetic field
when we switch on the three-phase AC supply source.

Rotor of 3 Phase Induction Motor

The rotor of three phase induction motor consists of a cylindrical laminated core with parallel
slots that can carry conductors. The conductors are heavy copper or aluminum bars fitted in
each slot and short-circuited by the end rings. The slots are not exactly made parallel to the
axis of the shaft but are slotted a little skewed because this arrangement reduces magnetic
humming noise and can avoid stalling of the motor.
Working of Three Phase Induction Motor
Production of Rotating Magnetic Field
The stator of the motor consists of overlapping winding offset by an electrical angle of 120 o. When we connect the
primary winding, or the stator to a 3 phase AC source, it establishes rotating magnetic field which rotates at the
synchronous speed.

According to Faraday’s law an emf induced in any circuit is due to the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage through the
circuit. As the rotor winding in an induction motor are either closed through an external resistance or directly shorted by
end ring, and cut the stator rotating magnetic field, an emf is induced in the rotor copper bar and due to this emf a
current flows through the rotor conductor.

Here the relative speed between the rotating flux and static rotor conductor is the cause of current generation; hence as
per Lenz’s law, the rotor will rotate in the same direction to reduce the cause, i.e., the relative velocity.

Thus from the working principle of three phase induction motor, it may be observed that the rotor speed should
not reach the synchronous speed produced by the stator. If the speeds become equal, there would be no such
relative speed, so no emf induced in the rotor, and no current would be flowing, and therefore no torque would be
generated. Consequently, the rotor cannot reach the synchronous speed. The difference between the stator
(synchronous speed) and rotor speeds is called the slip. The rotation of the magnetic field in an induction motor has
the advantage that no electrical connections need to be made to the rotor.