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Understanding Inheritance

The document discusses the principles of inheritance and variation in genetics, focusing on how traits are passed from parents to offspring through chromosomes and genes. It explains Mendel's contributions, the use of Punnett squares and pedigrees for modeling inheritance, and the complexity of inheritance patterns including incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, and polygenic inheritance. Additionally, it highlights the influence of environmental factors on phenotypes alongside genetic factors.

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Charlyn Bauzon Malbog
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4 views44 pages

Understanding Inheritance

The document discusses the principles of inheritance and variation in genetics, focusing on how traits are passed from parents to offspring through chromosomes and genes. It explains Mendel's contributions, the use of Punnett squares and pedigrees for modeling inheritance, and the complexity of inheritance patterns including incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, and polygenic inheritance. Additionally, it highlights the influence of environmental factors on phenotypes alongside genetic factors.

Uploaded by

Charlyn Bauzon Malbog
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Genetics:

Inheritance &
Variation
GRADE 12 STEM ZIRCON
THE BIG
IDEA
How are inherited traits passed on
from parents to offspring?
PART 1
UNDERSTANDI
NG
INHERITANCE
Table of contents

01
What 02 03
Complex
control Modeling Patterns of
traits? Inheritance Inheritance

04
Genes and
the
Environment
01
What
controls
traits?
Do you know Gregor Mendel?
What controls traits?

• Mendel concluded that two factors - one from each


parent - control each trait.

• Mendel hypothesized that one factor came from


the egg cell and one factor came from the sperm
cell.
Chromosomes
• When other scientists studied the parts of a cell
and combined Mendel's work with their work,
these factors were more clearly understood.
• Scientists discovered that inside each cell is a
nucleus that contains threadlike structures
called chromosomes.
Chromosomes
• Over time, scientists learned that
chromosomes contain genetic information that
controls traits.
• We now know that Mendel's "factors" are part
of chromosomes and that each cell in offspring
contains chromosomes from both parents.
Chromosome
Chromosome & Chromatid
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes. Each pair
has one chromosome from the father and one
chromosome from the mother.
Genes and Alleles
• Scientists have discovered that each
chromosome can have information about
hundreds or even thousands of traits.

• A gene (JEEN) is a section on a chromosome


that has genetic information for one trait.

• The different forms of gene are called allele.


Genotype and Phenotype
• Geneticists call how a trait appears, or is
expressed, the trait's phenotype (FEE nuh
tipe).

• Mendel concluded that two alleles control the


expression or phenotype of each trait. The two
alleles that control the phenotype of a trait are
called the trait's genotype (JEE nuh tipe).
Mendel’s garden pea plant
experiment
Symbols for Genotypes
• Scientist use symbols to represent the alleles
in a genotype.
Homozygous and
Heterozygous
• When the two alleles of a gene are the same,
its genotype is homozygous (hoh muh ZI
gus).

• If the two alleles of a gene are different, its


genotype is heterozygous (he tuh roh Zl
gus).
02
Modelling
Inheritance
Are you familiar with Punnet Squares?
Modelling Inheritance

Have you ever flipped a coin and guessed


heads or tails?
Modelling Inheritance
• The chance of getting an outcome can be
represented by a ratio. The ratio of heads to tails
is 50:50 or 1:1.
Modelling Inheritance
• Plant breeders and animal breeders use a
method for predicting how often traits will appear
in offspring that does not require performing the
crosses thousands of times.

• Two models -- Punnett square and a


pedigree can be used to predict and identity
traits among genetically related individuals
Punnett Square
• If the genotypes of the parents are known, then
the different genotypes and phenotypes of the
offspring can be predicted.

• A Punnet Square is a model used to predict


possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring.
Punnett Square
Pedigrees

• Another model that can show inherited traits is a


pedigree.

• A pedigree shows phenotypes of genetically


related family members. It can also help determine
genotypes.
Pedigrees

• Another model that can show inherited traits is a


pedigree.

• A pedigree shows phenotypes of genetically


related family members. It can also help determine
genotypes.
Pedigreehart Chart
Complex
03
Patterns
of Inheritance
What are the type of dominance?
Complex Pattern of
Inheritance
• Types of Dominance
⚬ Incomplete Dominance
⚬ Codominance
⚬ Multiple Alleles
⚬ Polygenic Inheritance
Complex Pattern of
Inheritance
• By chance, Mendel studied traits only influenced by
one gene with two alllele. However, we know now
that some inherited traits have complex patterns of
inheritance.
Incomplete Dominance

• Sometimes traits appear to be combinations of


alleles.

• Alleles show incomplete dominance when


the offspring's phenotype is a combination of
the parers phenotypes.
Incomplete Dominance

x
Codominance

• The coat color of some cows is an example of


another type of interaction between two alleles.

• When both alleles can be observed in a phenotype,


this type of interaction is called codominance.
Multiple Alleles

• Unlike the genes in Mendel's pea plants, some


genes have more than two alleles, or multiple
alleles.

• Human ABO blood type is an example of a trait that


is determined by multiple alleles.
Multiple Alleles
Multiple Alleles

• There are three different alleles for the ABO blood


type.

• Even though there are multiple aleles, a person carn


inherit only two of these alleles -- one from each
parent.
Polygenic Inheritance
• Mendel concluded that each trait was determined by
only one gene.

• However, we now know that a trait can be affected


by more than one gene.

• Polygenic inheritance occurs when multiple


genes determine the phenotype of a trait.
Polygenic Inheritance
• Mendel concluded that each trait was determined by
only one gene.
• However, we now know that a trait can be affected
by more than one gene.
• Polygenic inheritance occurs when multiple genes
determine the phenotype of a trait. Because several
genes determine a trait, many alleles affect the
phenotype even though each gene has only two
alleles. Therefore, polygenic inheritance has many
04
Genes and the
Environment
Genes and the Environment

• Organism's genotype determines its phenotype.

• Scientists have learned that genes are not the only


factors that can affect phenotypes. An organism's
environment can also affect its phenotype.
Genes and the Environment
Genes and the Environment

• For human, healthful choices can also affect phenotype.

• Many genes affect a person's chances of having heart


disease. However, what a person eats and the amount
of exercise he or she gets can influence whether heart
disease will develop.
Thank You
for
Listening!
Do you have any
questions?

Please keep this slide for attribution

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