ELITTE COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT :-
B.TECH IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
NAME :- SOUVIK DAS
CLASS ROLL :- 12
YEAR :- 2024-2025
SEMESTER :- 5th
PAPER NAME :- DESIGN OF RC STRUTCURES
PAPER CODE :- CE(PC)501
CA1 TOPIC :- WORKING STRESS & LIIT STATE METHOD OF DESIGN
THE WORKG STRESS
METHOD:
The Working Stress Method is a design methodology used in civil
engineering for the analysis and design of reinforced concrete
structures. This method is based on the assumption that concrete and
steel both behave as linear-elastic materials and that their stresses
are directly proportional to the strains. In the Working Stress Method,
stresses and strains are calculated based on the applied loads, and
then the allowable stresses for concrete and steel are determined
based on their respective strengths. The allowable stresses are
typically calculated based on a factor of safety, which is used to
account for uncertainties in the material properties, construction
methods, and other factors.
While the Working Stress Method is a well-established methodology, it has
some limitations and disadvantages. It does not consider the ultimate
strength of the materials or the possibility of failure due to non-linear
behavior, which has led to the development of more advanced design
methodologies such as the Limit State Design method.
Modular Ratio
m = ES/EC
where,m = Modular ratio
ES = Modulus of elasticity of steel
EC = Modulus of elasticity of concrete
Equivalent Area of Concrete
The concept of Equivalent Area of Concrete is used in the design of
reinforced concrete beams using the Working Stress Method. It involves
replacing the actual concrete section of the beam with an equivalent area of
concrete that represents the same strength as the actual section but is
easier to work with mathematically.
The equivalent area of concrete is determined by dividing the actual area of
concrete into two parts: the area of concrete above the neutral axis
(compression zone) and the area of concrete below the neutral axis
(tension zone). The area of concrete in the compression zone is multiplied
by a factor called the modular ratio, which is the ratio of the modulus of
elasticity of steel to that of concrete.
AC = Mas
Here,AC = Area of concrete
.
AS = Area of steelStress in Concrete,
pc = ps/m
Where,pC = stress in concrete(depends on various properties of concrete)
pS = stress in steelCritical Depth of Neutral Axis (Xc)The Critical Depth of the
Neutral Axis is an important parameter used in the Working Stress Method
for the design of reinforced concrete beams. It is the depth of the neutral
axis or the location where the stress in the concrete changes from
compression to tension, at which the maximum allowable moment occurs.
The Critical Depth of the Neutral Axis can be calculated by the limit state
method using the following equation:
▶d = (0.87 fy As) / (0.36 fck b)
Where:
d = Critical Depth of Neutral Axis
fy = Yield strength of steel reinforcement
As = Area of steel reinforcement
fck = Characteristic compressive strength of concrete
b = Width of the beam.In this equation, the numerator represents the resisting
moment provided by the steel reinforcement, and the denominator represents
the moment of resistance provided by the concrete. The value of 0.87 is a
factor that accounts for the reduced strength of the steel reinforcement due to
possible yielding under load, and the value of 0.36 is a factor that accounts for
the reduced strength of the concrete due to uncertainties in its compressive
strength.
The depth of the neutral axis as per the working state method
can be calculated as follows
:Xc = {mc/(t+mc)}d
Limit State Method:

The Limit State Method of Design is also known as the load and
resistance factor method of designing structures. The limit state
method of design is based on a few limit state parameters of
structures, which consist of the limit of the strength of the
material used for the design. The limiting state of a material can
be classified as the limiting parameters of structures after the
material is unfit for its specific use; the designing of structures
based on these limiting parameters is known as the limit state
method.
Assumptions of Limit State Method:
Designing structures is always done with the help of any method, and
every method is based on a few facts. The results of any method are
based on these facts, called assumptions. In the case of the limit state
method of designing, There are some conditions regarding stress-
strain relationships, material behaviors, etc. These conditions are
knowns as the assumptions of the limit state method of design. Here
assumptions of this method for designing concrete structures are
provided:
Assumptions
1. The plain section remains plane before and after bending; these
assumptions ensure that the strain diagram is linear.

2. At the time of failure, the maximum strain in concrete at the

topmost fiber will be 0.0035

3. The stress-strain curve for the concrete is parabolic up to the strain

of 0.002, and stress will be constant up to the strain of 0.0035

4. The tensile strength of concrete below the neutral axis is ignored; it

says that the tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
 Types of Limit State Method:

The Limit state design method is based on the probabilistic method,

which tells about the probability of the structure withstanding external
stresses. It ensures the safety of structures against collapse and their
serviceability condition. Design of structures by limit state method gives
a certain probability that the structure will not fail in its design period.
Based on IS 456: 2000, the limit state method can be categorized into
two types, which are as follows:
Limit State of Collapse:

The Limit state of collapse ensures the parameters of structures that

prevent failure during its life span. It establishes limits on the parameters
like flexural strength, shear strength, torsional strength, etc. The
resistance offered by the structure at its critical section should be less
than the limiting values of the respected parameters.
.
Limit State of Serviceability:

Limit state of serviceability ensures that the structure remains serviceable

throughout its life; it establishes parameters like cracking, deflection, fire
resistance, etc. These parameters should be within the permissible limits
described in IS 456.

Advantages of Limit State Method:

Various methods for designing concrete structures are available, including the
Working stress method, the Limit state method, and the Ultimate load method.
These methods are used based on their suitability and other strength
parameters. In the earlier era of designing structures, the working stress
method was used, but nowadays, the limit state method of design is used for
designing concrete structures. The limit state method has many advantages
over the other method, which include:
• Designing structures with the limit state method is economical over the
working stress method.

• * This method considers the material's ultimate strength; hence it utilizes the
full strength of the material.

• * Cross-sectional dimensions through this design method are lesser than that
of the working stress method.

• * This method shows how it can bear the load after yielding.