Hypothesis

testing
Objective:
1. illustrate null and
alternative hypothesis and
Describe rejection region
and type I and II error in
hypothesis testing.
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
It is a decision- making process for
evaluating claims about a
population.
It is basically testing an
assumption that we can make
about a population.
A hypothesis is an assumption or
conjecture about a population
parameter which may or may not
be true.
Statistical Hypothesis

Is any assumption or

assertion made on the
distribution of a population,
which is either true or false
TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
NULL HYPOTHESIS
 It is denoted by Ho.
 It is the initial claim.
 Itshows no significant differences, no
changes, nothing happened, no relationship
between two parameters,
 The independent variable has no effect on
the dependent variables.
 Ho (symbol =)
TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
 It is denoted Ha or H1.
 It is the contrary to the null hypothesis.
 Itshows that there is significant difference,
an effect, change, relationship between a
parameter and specific value.
 The independent variable has an effect on
the dependent variable.
 symbol ( ≠, <, > )
 Null Hypothesis, Ho,
= (equal to, same as, not changed from, is)

 Alternative Hypothesis, Ho 0r H1.

≠ ( not equal, different from, changed from, not the
same as)
> (greater than, above, higher, longer than, bigger
than, increased, at least)
< ( less than, below than, smaller than, shorter than,
decreased or reduce from, at most)
Example 1
 CLAIM: the average monthly income of Filipino
families who belong to low-income bracket is ₱
8,000.
 Ho : μ = 8,000
The average monthly income of Filipino families who
belong to low-income bracket is ₱ 8,000.
 Ha : ≠ 8,000
The average monthly income of Filipino families
who belong to a low-income bracket is not equal to
8,000.
Example : 2
 The average number of hours that it takes a ten-
year-old child to learn a certain task in a specific
subject is less than 0.52 hour.
 Ho ; μ = 0.52
the average number of hours that it takes a ten-year-
old child to learn a certain task in a specific subject is
equal to 0.52 hour.
 Ha : μ < 0.52
The average number of hours that it takes a ten-year-
old child to learn a certain task in a specific subject is
less than 0.52 hour.
Example 3
 CLAIM: The mean annual income of workers who are
college graduates is greater than 10,000 a year.
 Ho : μ = 100,000
The mean annual income of workers who are college
graduates is 100,000 a year.

 Ha : μ > 100,000
The mean annual income of workers who are college
graduates is greater than 100,000 a year.
Example 4

The school claims that the mean

score in Math of the incoming
Grade 11 student is 8.1. The
teacher wishes to find out if the
claim is true. She test if there is
significant difference between the
batch mean score and the mean
score of students in her class.
Example 5

A social worker wants to

test (at a = 0.05) whether
the average body mass
index (BMI) of the pupils
under feeding program is
different from 18.2 kg.
Example 6

A DTI representative wants

to test at 99% confidence
level whether the average
content of Soda X is less than
330ml as indicated in the
label.
Level of significance
SIGNIFICANCE – is defined as the quality of being statistically
significant.
Level of significance
 it is denoted by alpha or a refers to the degree of significance
which we accept or reject the null hypothesis.
 100% accuracy is not possible in accepting or rejecting a
hypothesis.
 The significance level is also the probability of making the
wrong decision when the null hypothesis is true.
 In public health research alpha is usually 0.01 or 1%. In social
science, alpha is usually 0.05 or 5% and 0.10 or 10% in other
studies
 This implies that there is 1%, 5% or 10% probability of
rejection is true null hypothesis
 In symbol, it is written as:
a = 0.01
a = 0.05 or
a = 0.10
 Ifthe alternative hypothesis used ≠, then
alpha will be divided by 2.
 a/2 = 0.005
 a/2 = 0.025
 a/2 = 0.05
TWO-TAILED TEST vs ONE-TAILED
TEST
 When the alternative hypothesis is two-sided like
Ha:μ ≠ μO, it is called two-tailed test.
 When the given statistics hypothesis assumes a less
than or greater than value, it is called one-tailed
test.
≠ not equal, different from, changed from, not the
same as
> Greater than, above, higher than, longer than,
bigger than, increased
< less than, below, lower than, smaller than,
shorter than, decreased or reduced from.
Illustration of the Rejection Region

 Rejection Region (critical Region) is the set of all

values of the test statistic that causes us to reject
the null hypothesis.’
 Non- Rejection region ( Acceptance region) is the set
of all values of the test statistic that causes us to
fail to reject the null hypothesis.
 Critical value is a point (boundary_ on the test
distribution that is compared to the test statistic to
determine if the null hypothesis would be rejected.
Type I and Type II Errors

 Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true is called

a TYPE I error. With probability denoted by alpha (a).
In hypothesis testing, the normal curve that shows
the critical region is called the alpha region.
 Accepting the null hypothesis when it is false is called
a Type II error with probability denoted by beta (ß). In
hypothesis testing, the normal curve that shows the
acceptance region is called the beta region.
 The larger the value of alpha the smaller is the value
of beta.
 Ifthe null hypothesis is true and
accepted , or if is fall and rejected, the
decision is correct.
 Ifthe null hypothesis is true and
rejected, the decision is incorrect, and
this type is Type I error.
 Ifthe null hypothesis is false, and
accepted, the decision is incorrect, and
this is a Type II error.
Example

1. Maria insist that she is 30 years old when, in

fact she is 32 years old. What error is Mary
committing?
2. Stephen says that he is not bald. His hairline is
just receding, is he committing and error? If
so, what type of error?
3. Aplans to go hunting the Philippine monkey-
eating eagle believing that it is a proof of his
mettle. What type of error is this?
4. How to state type of errors in a
sentence, the mean number of years a
teacher work before retiring is 30.

 Type 1:
 Type II: