Physics 111: Mechanics

Lecture 3

Dale Gary
NJIT Physics Department
Motion in Two Dimensions
 Reminder of vectors and vector algebra
 Displacement and position in 2-D
 Average and instantaneous velocity in 2-D
 Average and instantaneous acceleration in
2-D
 Projectile motion
 Uniform circular motion
 Relative velocity*

February 5-8, 2013

Vector and its components
 The components are   
the legs of the right A  Ax  Ay
triangle whose
hypotenuse is A
 Ax  A cos( )  Ay 
 A  A2  A2 and   tan 1

A
 y  A sin(
x ) y
 Ax 

 A  A 2  A 2
 x y

 Or,
Ay  1
Ay 
tan    or  tan  
 Ax  Ax 

February 5-8, 2013

 Vector Algebra
  
 Which diagram can r r2  r1
represent  ? 
r 
r

r1 r1 
A)  B)   r1
r2 r2

 

r 
r
C) r1 D) r1
 
r2 r2

February 5-8, 2013

 Motion in two dimensions
 Kinematic variables in one dimension
 Position: x(t) m
 Velocity: v(t) m/s
 Acceleration: a(t) m/s2 x

 Kinematic variables in three dimensions

 Position:  y
m
r (t )  xiˆ  yˆj  zkˆ
 Velocity:
 ˆ  v y ˆj  v z kˆ
m/s v (t )  v x i
 ˆ j
 Acceleration: a (t ) a x iˆ  a y ˆj  am/s
zk 2 i
x
 k
All are vectors: have direction and
z
magnitudes

February 5-8, 2013

 Position and Displacement
 In one dimension
x  x2 (t 2 )  x1 (t1 )
x1 (t1) = - 3.0 m, x2 (t2) = + 1.0 m
  
Δx = +1.0 m + 3.0 m = +4.0 m r r2  r1

 In two dimensions
 Position: the position of an object

is described by its position vector r (t )
--always points to particle
  
from origin. r r2  r1

 Displacement:
r ( x2iˆ  y2 ˆj )  ( x1iˆ  y1 ˆj )
( x2  x1 )iˆ  ( y2  y1 ) ˆj
xiˆ  yˆj
February 5-8, 2013
 Average & Instantaneous
 
Velocity

r
Average velocity
vavg 
t
 x y ˆ
vavg  iˆ  j vavg , x iˆ  vavg , y ˆj
t t
 Instantaneous velocity
 
  r dr
v lim vavg lim 
t 0 t  0 t dt

 dr dx ˆ dy ˆ
v  i j v x iˆ  v y ˆj
dt dt dt

 v is tangent to the path in x-y

graph;
February 5-8, 2013
 Motion of a Turtle

A turtle starts at the origin and moves with the speed of v0=10
cm/s in the direction of 25° to the horizontal.
(a) Find the coordinates of a turtle 10 seconds later.
(b) How far did the turtle walk in 10 seconds?

February 5-8, 2013

 Motion of a Turtle
Notice, you can solve the
equations independently for the
horizontal (x) and vertical (y)
components of motion and then
combine them!
  
v0 v x  v y
 X components:
v0 x v0 cos 25 9.06 cm/s x v0 x t 90.6 cm
 Y components:
v0 y v0 sin 25 4.23 cm/s y v0 y t 42.3 cm
 Distance from the origin:
d  x 2  y 2 100.0 cm
February 5-8, 2013
 Average & Instantaneous
Acceleration

 Average accelerationaavg  v
t
 v v y
aavg  x iˆ  ˆj aavg , x iˆ  aavg , y ˆj
t t

 Instantaneous acceleration
  
  v dv  dv dv x ˆ dv y ˆ
a lim aavg lim  a  i j a x iˆ  a y ˆj
t 0 t  0 t dt dt dt dt

 The magnitude of the velocity (the speed) can change

 The direction of the velocity can change, even though
the magnitude is constant
 Both the magnitude and the direction can change
February 5-8, 2013
Summary in two dimension

 Position r (t )  xiˆ  yˆj

 r x ˆ y ˆ
vavg 
 Average velocity  i j vavg , x iˆ  vavg , y ˆj
t t t
dx dy
 Instantaneous velocity x v  v y 
dt dt
 
 r dr dx ˆ dy ˆ
v (t ) lim   i j v x iˆ  v y ˆj
t  0 t dt dt dt
dv x d 2 x dv y
d2y
 Acceleration a x   2 ay   2
dt dt dt dt
 
 v dv dvx ˆ dv y ˆ
a (t ) lim   i j a x iˆ  a y ˆj
t  0 t dt dt dt
  
 r (t), v (t ), and a (t ) are not necessarily same direction.

February 5-8, 2013

 Motion in two dimensions
 Motions in each dimension are independent components
 Constant acceleration equations
      12
v v0  at r  r v0t  2 at
 Constant acceleration equations hold in each dimension

v x v0 x  a x t v y v0 y  a y t
x  x0 v0 x t  12 a x t 2 y  y0 v0 y t  12 a y t 2
2 2
v x v0 x  2a x ( x  x0 ) 2 2
v y v0 y  2a y ( y  y0 )
 t = 0 beginning of the process;

 where ax and ay are constant;
 ˆ  a y ˆj
a a x ivelocity
Initial initial displacement  ;

v0 v0 x iˆ  v0 y ˆj r0  x0iˆ  y0 ˆj
February 5-8, 2013
Hints for solving problems
 Define coordinate system. Make sketch showing
axes, origin.
 List known quantities. Find v0x , v0y , ax , ay , etc. Show
initial conditions on sketch.
 List equations of motion to see which ones to use.
 Time t is the same for x and y directions.
x0 = x(t = 0), y0 = y(t = 0), v0x = vx(t = 0), v0y = vy(t = 0).
 Have an axis point along the direction ofaa ift it is
v x v0x  a x t v y  v0y y
constant.
x  x0 v0 x t  12 a x t 2 y  y0 v0 y t  12 a y t 2
2 2
v x v0 x  2a x ( x  x0 ) 2 2
v y v0 y  2a y ( y  y0 )

February 5-8, 2013

 Projectile Motion
 2-D problem and define a coordinate
system: x- horizontal, y- vertical (up
+)
 Try to pick x0 = 0, y0 = 0 at t = 0
 Horizontal motion + Vertical motion
 Horizontal: ax = 0 , constant velocity
motion
 Vertical:
Horizontal ay = -g = -9.8 m/s2Vertical
, v0y = 0

v x Equations:
v0 x  a x t v y v0 y  a y t
y f  yi  viy t  1
2 gt 2
x  x0 v0 x t  12 a x t 2 y  y0 v0 y t  12 a y t 2
2 2
v x v0 x  2a x ( x  x0 ) v y 2 v0 y 2  2a y ( y  y0 )
February 5-8, 2013
 Projectile Motion
 X and Y motions happen
independently, so we can treat them
separately
v x v0 x v y v0 y  gt
x  x0  v0 x t y  y0  v0 y t  1
2 gt 2
Horizontal Vertical

 Try to pick x0 = 0, y0 = 0 at t = 0
 Horizontal motion + Vertical motion
 Horizontal: ax = 0 , constant velocity
motion
 Vertical: ay = -g = -9.8 m/s2
 x and y are connected by time t February 5-8, 2013

 y(x) is a parabola
 Projectile Motion
 2-D problem and define a coordinate
system.
 Horizontal: ax = 0 and vertical: ay = -g.
 Try to pick x0 = 0, y0 = 0 at t = 0.
 Velocity initial conditions:
 v0 x v0 cos  0
v0 can have x, y components.
v v0 sin  0
 v0x is constant usually. 0 x
v0y changes continuously.


Horizontal
 Equations:
Vertical
v x v0 x v y v0 y  gt
x  x0  v0 x t y  y0  v0 y t  1
2 gt 2
February 5-8, 2013
 Trajectory of Projectile

Motion
Initial conditions (t = 0): x = 0, y = 0 0
0 v0x = v0 cosθ0 and v0y = v0 sinθ0
 Horizontal motion:
x
x 0  v0 x t  t
v0 x
 Vertical motion:
y 0  v0 y t  1
2 gt 2
2
 x  g x 
y v0 y     
 v0 x  2  v0 x 
g
y  x tan  0  2
x 2

2v0 cos 2  0

 Parabola;
 θ0 = 0 and θ0 = 90 ?
February 5-8, 2013
 What is R and h ?
 Initial conditions (t = 0): x0 = 0, y0 =
0 v0x = v0 cosθ0 and v0x = v0 sinθ0, then
x 0  v0 x t 0 0  v0 y t  1
2 gt 2 h
2v0 y 2v0 sin  0
t 
g g
2
2v cos  0 v0 sin  0 v0 sin 2 0
R  x  x0 v0 x t  0 
g g
2
2 t g  t 
h  y  y0 v0 y t h  12 gth v0 y   
2 2  2
2 Horizontal Vertical
v0 sin 2  0
h v y v0 y  gt
2g v x v0 x
2v0 y
v y v0 y  gt v0 y  g  v0 y x  x0  v0 x t y  y0  v0 y t  1
2 gt 2
g
February 5-8, 2013
 Projectile Motion
at Various Initial Angles
 Complementary 2
v0 sin 2
values of the initial R
angle result in the g
same range
 The heights will be
different
 The maximum
range occurs at a
projection angle of
45o
February 5-8, 2013
 Uniform circular motion

Constant speed, or, Motion along a circle:

constant magnitude of velocityChanging direction of velocity

February 5-8, 2013

 Circular Motion: Observations
 Object moving along a
curved path with
constant speed
 Magnitude of velocity:
same
 Direction of velocity:
changing
 Velocity: changing
 Acceleration is NOT zero!  
 Net force acting on the Fnet ma
object is NOT zero
 “Centripetal force” February 5-8, 2013
 Uniform Circular Motion
 Centripetal vi
acceleration
v r vr Δv = vf - vi
 so, v  vf
v r r vi y B
A
v r v v 2 vf
  Δr
t t r r R
ri rf
v v 2
ar  
t r O
x

 Direction: Centripetal
February 5-8, 2013
 Uniform Circular Motion
 Velocity:  
ac  v
 Magnitude: constant v
 The direction of the velocity
v2
is tangent to the circle ac 
r

 Acceleration: v2
ac 
 Magnitude: r
 directed toward the center
of the circle of motion
 Period:
 time interval required for
one complete revolution of 2r
the particle T
v
February 5-8, 2013
 Summary

 Position r (t )  xiˆ  yˆj

 r x ˆ y ˆ
vavg 
 Average velocity  i j vavg , x iˆ  vavg , y ˆj
t t t
dx dy
 Instantaneous velocity x v  v y 
dt dt
 
 r dr dx ˆ dy ˆ
v (t ) lim   i j v x iˆ  v y ˆj
t  0 t dt dt dt
dv x d 2 x dv y
d2y
 Acceleration a x   2 ay   2
dt dt dt dt
 
 v dv dvx ˆ dv y ˆ
a (t ) lim   i j a x iˆ  a y ˆj
t  0 t dt dt dt
  
 r (t), v (t ), and a (t ) are not necessarily in the same
direction.
February 5-8, 2013
 Summary
 If a particle moves with constant acceleration a, motion
equations are    12
rf ri  vi t  2 at

rf  x f iˆ  y f ˆj ( xi  v xit  12 a xit 2 )iˆ  ( yi  v yit  12 a yit 2 ) ˆj
  
v vi  at

v f (t ) v fx iˆ  v fy ˆj (vix  a x t )iˆ  (viy  a y t ) ˆj

 Projectile motion is one type of 2-D motion under

constant acceleration, where ax = 0, ay = -g.

February 5-8, 2013