Technology

Infrastructure for E-
commerce
Module 2
Topics
• Topics:
• The Internet: Key Concepts, Cloud computing.
• Internet infrastructure and Access,
• The Web : HTTP hypertext transfer protocol , HTML-
Hypetext mark-up language , XML Extensible markup
language , WEBSERVERS & CLIENTS, Web browsers.
• Features and Services of INTERNET & WEB: Communication
Tools, Search Engines, Streaming, WEB 2.0 Application &
Services, VR, AR. Mobile Apps

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Meaning
• Internet – Inter network
• Is an interconnected network of 1000s of
network and millions of computers/systems.

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Internet Key Concepts
• Packet Switching
• TCP/IP
• IP Address
• DNS
• URL
• Client/Server Computing

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1. Packet Switching

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Packet switching

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Circuit VS Packet

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2. Transmission Control
Protocol /Internet protocol

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3. IP Address
• An IP address works in helping your device, whatever you are
accessing the internet on, to find whatever data or content is
located to allow for retrieval. Common tasks for an IP address
include both the identification of a host or a network, or identifying
the location of a device.
• 2 version
• IPv4 and IPv6
• IPv4- internet addressed as a 32 bit number that appears as a series
of 4 separated numbers marked off by periods
• Ex: 64.49.254.91
• IPv6- expressed as a 128 bit number.

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4.Domain Name System (DNS)
• Domain Name- IP address expressed in a natural
language
• DNS- system for expressing numeric IP addresses
in a natural language
• The purpose of DNS is to translate a domain
name into the appropriate IP address.

• Discover Your DNS Servers Open your Command Prompt from the Start menu (or type “Cmd” into the search in your
Windows task bar). Next, type ipconfig/all into your command prompt and press Enter. Look for the field labeled “DNS
Servers.”

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Used for :
• establish: – Simple identification of hostnames
and hosts
• improved Speed and Domain Performance.
• Increased Reliability
• Enhanced Security
• Improved Scalability
• Cost Savings
• Improved User Experience.

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5. URL
Uniform Resource Locator
Is the address used by a web browser to identify
the location of the content in the web.

Ex: http://www.presidencyuniversity.in

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Purpose of URL being used
• browsers to retrieve published resources, such as
HTML pages, CSS documents, images.
• allows users to navigate to a website and access
its information
• Helps to organise and find things on the internet
• it define the URL structure of a website. And having
a good URL structure is important to make sure
users can easily navigate your site, and for ranking
well in search engines.

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6. Client & Server computing

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Benefits of Client - Server
• central administration of applications and
data.
• it enables efficient sharing of resources among
multiple clients, improving overall productivity
and collaboration.

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Cloud Computing

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CLOUD COMPUTING
• IAAS
• SAAS
• PAAS

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IAAS

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IAAS

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PAAS
• The service provider delivers and manages all
the hardware and software resources needed for
application development. You write the code and
manage all the apps and data,
• PaaS solutions are specific to application and
software development and typically include:
• Cloud infrastructure: Data centers, storage, network equipment, and
servers
• Middleware software: Operating systems, frameworks
• User interface: ((A graphical user interface (GUI), a command line interface (CLI), an API interface)

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Example
• Amazon Web Services (AWS) Elastic Beanstalk,
Windows Azure, Heroku, Force.com, Google App
Engine, Apache Stratos, Red Hat OpenShift

• FACEBOOK – PAAS,
• NETFLIX – IAAS & PAAS. (BLEND)

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SAAS
• Software as a Service (SaaS) is a cloud-based method
of delivering software where users subscribe to
access applications on the Internet rather than
purchasing them outright (wholly or Completely).

• Ex: email, calendaring, and office tools (such as

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Internet Infrastructure and
Access
• 7 layers
• Physical layer
• Data link layer
• Network layer
• Transport layer
• Session layer
• Presentation layer
• Application layer

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1. Physical Layer – BITS

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Functions
Bit rate control: The Physical layer also defines the transmission rate i.e.
the number of bits sent per second.

Transmission mode: Physical layer also defines the way in which the
data flows between the two connected devices. The various transmission
modes possible are Simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex

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2. Data Link Layer – FRAMES

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Functions

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3. Network Layer - PACKETS

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Functions:

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4. Transport Layer- Segments

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• Functions

• Segmenting: break the message into smaller units. Each segment has a header.

• Service Point Addressing: in order to deliver the smaller units to the correct
destination system has a type of address called service point address.

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5. Session layer -

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6. Presentation Layer
The presentation layer is also called the Translation layer. The data from the application
layer is extracted here and manipulated as per the required format to transmit over the
network.
The functions of the presentation layer are :

•Translation:

•Encryption/ Decryption: Encryption - protecting information or data by using

•Compression: Reduces the number of bits that need to be transmitted on the network. (to
save the bandwidth, transmission time).

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7. Application Layer

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HTTP , HTML,XML
• HTTP – Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• Definition : it is a Protocol used to display the
webpages
• Benefits :
• Secure
• Easy Access
• Over the internet
• Remote Backup
• Firewall friendly

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Ex:
• http//:www.mywork.com/content/features/
082062.html
• http=the protocol used to display web pages
• www.mywork = domain name
• Content/features = path that identifies where the
content available
• 082062.html=document name and its format (as
HTML Page)

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HTML
• Hyper text markup language
• Definition – it is the standard language for
creating and structuring content on the web.
• It describes the structure of an web page
• It consists of a series of elements

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• Html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>Hello, World!</body>
</html>

This code:- Sets the HTML document type.- Contains

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Benefits
• SEO friendly
• Open source and free
• Customized websites
• Data storage
• Easy to learn and use
• Supports multimedia Integration
• Light weight & fast

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XML
• Extensible mark up language
• Definition :
• It is a markup language that provides rules to
define any data. It also a file format for strong
transmitting and reconstructing raw data

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Benefits
Uses human language not computer language thus
it is in readable and understandable
Ensures smooth information exchange between
websites, database and applications
There is no fixed set of tags to operate XML
Any application that can process XML can use your
information regardless of platform

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Webservers & clients

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Web client

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These 2 plays a very important
role
• Search engine – will find the page (google , bing.
Yahoo)
• Browser – helps to display the website. (safari,
google chrome, firefox,

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Examples of webserver
software

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Types of Webserver (don
explain)

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Benefits
• Security services
• File transfer
• Search engine
• Data Capture

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4.Data capture
Helps in monitoring site ,traffic, capturing info
who has visited , stayed how long , date and time
of each visit, specific pages the server accessed.

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Internet & web: Features and
services
• 1. Communication Tools
• 2. Search Engines
• 3. Streaming Media
• 4. WEB 2.0 applications and services
• 5. VR & AR
• 6. Intelligent Digital Assitants

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1. Communication tools

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• Emails
Uses series of protocols to enable the messages
containing text, images, sound , video clips to be
transferred from one internet user to the another.
• Message applications
SMS, MMS.
• Online Message Boards
Web application that allow internet users to
communicate with each other, although not in real.
• (Ex: Quora, Reddit, Google answers, tripadvisor).

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• Internet Telephony
• VOIP and internet used to transmit voice and
other forms of audio communication over the
internet.
• Video conferencing

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2.Search engines
Identifies webpages that appear to match the key
words also called queries, entered by the user, and
then provides a list of the best matches.

3. Streaming media
Enable video, music and other large bandwidth to
be sent .

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4.Web 2.0 applications and
services
a) Online social networks (facebook, twitter,
insta)
b) Blogs (personal webpage that is created by an
individual or corporation to communicate with
readers).
c) Wikis(web application that allows a user to
easily add and edit the content on a web page)

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5. VR & AR
• VR- gives the experience that you are actually
present but in the virtual space
• AR – overlaying virtual objects over the real
world. Ex: amazon ,(place your tv. )
6. Intelligent digital Assistants
• Siri, Alexa..
• Listens to your verbal commands and do the
work.

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