PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE
THE CONCEPTS OF POLITICS
AND GOVERNANCE
MARIA MICAELA MANDAC
WHAT IS
POLITICS
?
DEFINING POLITICS
In broadest sense, it is the
activity through which people
make, preserve and amend the
general rules under which they
live. (Heywood, 2007)
DEFINING POLITICS
Activity or process by which
groups reach and enforce
binding decisions. (Hague &
Harrop, 2013)
DEFINING POLITICS
Activity by which different
interests within a given unit of
rule are conciliated by giving
them a share in power in
proportion to their importance
to the welfare and the survival
of the whole community. (Crick,
2005)
DEFINING POLITICS
Set of activities that organizes
individuals, systematically resolves
disputes, and maintains order in
society through creation and
enforcement of rules and
government policy. (Barrington et al.
2010)
DEFINING POLITICS
Activity by which human beings
attempt to improve their lives
and create the Good Society.
(Aristotle in Heywood, 2007)
What is
Political
Science
?
POLITICAL SCIENCE
Political science focuses on
the theory and practice of
government and politics at
the local, state, national, and
international levels.
HOW TO STUDY
POLITICS?
What is believed to be
universal in politics such as
power, justice, and force.
Study of the institutions and
processes of politics.
Prism of life.
What is
Governance?
The action of the
government.
The act of governing a
land, a state, or a
sovereign country.
What is
Governance?
The manner in which
public officials and
institutions acquire and
exercise the authority
to shape public policy
and provide public
goods and services.
(WorldBank2007)
GOVERNMENT
A permanent
institution of the state.
PARTICIPATION
Active involvement of
all affected and
interested parties in
the decision-making
process.
RULE OF LAW
Legal frameworks
should be fair and
enforced impartially.
TRANSPARENCY
Free flow information.
RESPONSIVENESS
Serve all
stakeholders.
CONSENSUS ORIENTED
Mediates differing
interests.
EQUITY AND
INCLUSIVENESS
All its members have
opportunities to
improve or maintain
their well-being.
EFFECTIVENESS AND
EFFICIENCY
Produce results that
meet needs while
making the best use
of resources.
ACCOUNTABILITY
Accountable to the
public.
TYPES OF
GOVERNMENT
THEOCRACY
Theocracy is a form
of government where
it is believed that a
god, deity, or group
of deities, or a deity
is in charge.
TYPES OF
GOVERNMENT
AUTHORITARIAN
The power to govern
that resides to a
single person that
meddles on the
affairs of public in
different ways and
views.
Generalissimo
Francisco
Franco of Spain
TYPES OF
GOVERNMENT
MONARCHY
The rule of a single person.
The sovereign or commonly
known as the Monarch
ascended to the throne
through a line of succession
in a specific Royal Family
TYPES OF
GOVERNMENT
MONARCHY
1) Constitutional Monarchy
2) Absolute Monarchy
TYPES OF
GOVERNMENT
DEMOCRATIC
The governance and the
power of the state reside
within the people.
TYPES OF
GOVERNMENT
DEMOCRATIC
1) Presidential
2) Federal
3) Parliamentary
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES
Ideology
A body of opinion
that every person
has or it is
someone’s
perspectives in or
about life.
Types of Political Ideologies
1. Anarchism
2. Liberalism
3. Conservatism
4. Feminism
5. Socialism
6. Communism
Anarchism
- Originated from Greek word
- It argues that it is ourselves
that has the sole right over
ourselves, without
constraint from any external
forces in his very own life.
Anarchism
Pierre Mikhail Bakunin William Godwin
Proudhon
Liberalism
- Concept of Individualism
- Equality of opportunity
- State’s role is to safeguard
freedom of the individual
John Locke
Types of Liberalism
1) Classical Liberalism
- Classical liberalism is a political
ideology that favors the protection
of individual liberty and economic
freedom by limiting government
power.
Types of Liberalism
2) Modern Liberalism
- Modern liberalism emerged as a
response against free-market
capitalism.
- Modern liberalism combines
ideas of civil liberty (freedom)
and equality with support for
social justice and a
mixed economy.
Conservatism
- Importance of tradition
- Gradual social change
- Human beings are imperfect
and flawed
- State’s role is to maintain
order
