LESSON 2

Origins and History of

Globalization
According to historians Dennis O. Flynn
and Arturo Giraldez, the age of
globalization began when “all important
populated continents began to exchange
products continuously – both with each
other directly and indirectly via other
continents – and in values sufficient to
generate crucial impacts on all trading
partners.”
 SILK ROADS
(1st century BC-5th century AD, and 13th-14th centuries AD)

As of the 1st century BC, a remarkable phenomenon

occurred. For the first time in history, luxury products
from China started to appear on the other edge of
the Eurasian continent – in Rome. They got there
after being hauled for thousands of miles along the
Silk Road. Trade had stopped being a local or
regional affair and started to become global.
 SPICE ROUTES
(7th - 15th centuries)

trade and commerce have moved goods and

services over the globe, known as globalization.
Islamic traders dominated trade throughout the
Middle ages in the Mediterranean and the Indian
Ocean, with cloves, nutmeg and mace being the
main commodities traded internationally.
 AGE OF DISCOVERY
(15th - 18th centuries)

Saw the unintentional discovery of the Americas by

European explorers who also connected East and
West. The most important exploration during the
period was Magellan’s circumnavigation, which
allowed access to the Spice Islands elimated Arab
and Italian Middlemen, and brought new cuisines
to Europe.
FIRST WAVE OF GLOBALIZATION
(19th century- 1914)

The supremacy of Great Britain both

geographically and technologically, with
inventions like the steam engine and the
industrial weaving machine, propelled the
first wave of globalization, which took place
roughly over the century ending in 1914.
FIRST WAVE OF GLOBALIZATION
(19th century- 1914)

On the eve of World War I, exports

had increased from 6% to 14% of
global GDP, and trade had grown on
average by 3% annually.
FIRST WAVE OF GLOBALIZATION
(19th century- 1914)

Britain gained the most from globalization, but other

nations like Argentina and Uruguay also enjoyed a
golden age by focusing on meat exports. The
colonialism of Africa and the exploitation of workers
in industrialized countries who did not benefit from
globalization, however, also occured during the first
wave of globalization.
 The first wave of
globalization came
to a stop in 1914.
The Great Depression and the financial
markets contributed to the further
collapse of the international economy in
the years between the two world wars.
Trade continued to decline at the
outbreak of World War II in 1939, and by
the war’s end, it made up only 5% of
global GDP.
 2ND & 3RD WAVE OF GLOBALIZATION
(1945 - 2008)

With the US at the forefront and the Second Industrial

Revolution’s technology on hand, the end of World War II
signaled a new beginning for globalization. The expansion in
global trade was mostly driven by Organizations like the EU
and US-supported free trade agreements. After the fall of
the IRON CURTAIN in 1989, globalization truly became a
worldwide phenomenon, and trade reached its highest
levels since 1914, making up 14% of the world’s GDP.
 GLOBALIZATION 4.0
(2009 - )

In Globalization 4.0, the digital economy

which is made possible by technologies like
e-commerce, digital services, 3D printing,
and artificial intelligence, is at the center of
the current wave of globalization. The two
main world powers are the US and China.
 GLOBALIZATION 4.0
(2009 - )

Modern advances in technology, transportation,

and communication have accelerated
globalization. With the development of the
internet, air travel, and digital communication, it
has been simpler for individuals and
businesses to transact business internationally.
CROSS-BORDER
CYBERATTACKS
HACKING

LOSS OF
CLIMATE CHANGE
“GREEN LUNGS”

A LOT OF INDIVIDUALS ARE REJECTING

GLOBALIZATION FOR WHAT REASONS?
Evolution of Globalization
1st century BC - 5th century AD, &
1. SILK ROADS 13th and 14th centuries AD

2. SPICE ROUTES 7th - 15th centuries

3. AGE OF DISCOVERY 15th - 18th centuries

4. FIRST WAVE OF
19th centuries - 1914
GLOBALIZATION
5. 2ND & 3RD WAVE OF
1945 - 2008
GLOBALIZATION

6. GLOBALIZATION 4.0 2009 - -----

 5 PERSPECTIVE
on the Origin of Globalization
HARDWIRED
CYCLES
EPOCHS
EVENTS
BROADER
 HARDWIRED
Proposes that globalization originated
from the basic motivation of human
beings to seek a better life. (Chanda,
2007)
 CYCLE
It explains that there us no single point
of globalization but it is a long term
cyclical process.
 EPOCHS
It explains that there are waves of
globalization that took place in the past
and each of them has its own origin.
 Therborn, 2000
1. Religion 4th to 7th Century

2. European Colonial
Late 15th Century
Conquest

3. Intra-European Wars Late 18th to Early 19th Century

4. Heyday of European
Mid 19th Century to 1918
Imperialism

5. Post World War 1946 ---

 EVENT
Specific events that is somehow
responsible for the origin of gobalization
Example:

The discovery of America by Christopher Columbus (1942)

Basco de Gama rounding the Cape of Good Hope (1498)

Ferdinand Magellan’s Ship Circumnavigation (1521)

Evolution of Globalization
1st century BC - 5th century AD, &
1. SILK ROADS 13th and 14th centuries AD

2. SPICE ROUTES 7th - 15th centuries

3. AGE OF DISCOVERY 15th - 18th centuries

4. FIRST WAVE OF
19th centuries - 1914
GLOBALIZATION
5. 2ND & 3RD WAVE OF
1945 - 2008
GLOBALIZATION

6. GLOBALIZATION 4.0 2009 - -----

 BROADER
The origin of Globalization has taken
place during the recent changes that
happened in the 2 half of the 20
nd th

Century.
 CRITICISM ON THE EXISTING
EVIDENCES OF GLOBALIZATION
• Rejectionist
• Skeptics
• Modifiers
CROSS-BORDER
CYBERATTACKS
HACKING

LOSS OF
CLIMATE CHANGE
“GREEN LUNGS”

A LOT OF INDIVIDUALS ARE REJECTING

GLOBALIZATION FOR WHAT REASONS?
LESSON 3
GLOBALIZATION
THEORIES
 Homogeneity
refers to the increasing sameness in
the world as cultural inputs, economic
factors, and political orientations of
societies expand to create common
practices, same economies, and
similar forms of government.
 McWorld
it means only one
political orientation is
growing in today’s
societies.
 McDonaldization
it is the process by which
Western societies are
dominated by the principles of
fast food restaurant.
 Hacktivists
extend activism to the internet
by hacking into computer
program to promote a
particular cause.
 GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS
it is also a product of
homogeneity in economic
globalization (Stiglitz, 2002)
For instance, blame the International
Monetary Fund (IMF) for its “one size fits
all” approach which treats every country
in the world the same.
 CULTURAL IMPERIALISM
The process by which a dominant culture
exerts its influence on other cultures,
often through mass media and other
forms of communication.

(In today’s time, how about before, how

does cultural imperialism occur?)
 Heterogeneity
pertains to the creation of various
cultural practices, new
economies, and political groups
because of the interaction of
elements from different societies
in the world.
8 THEORIES OF
GLOBALIZATION
 Theory of Liberalism
places a strong emphasis on how
economic interconnectedness,
open trade, and free markets all
contribute to the promotion of
globalization.
 Theory of Liberalism
The WTO provides a concrete example of how
liberal principles are applied in the context of
global trade.

The WTO's core function is to promote free trade

among member countries. This aligns with the
liberal emphasis on free markets and minimal
government intervention in the economy.
 Theory of Liberalism
The IMF promotes market-oriented economic
policies, such as fiscal discipline, price stability,
and flexible exchange rates.

This aligns with the neoliberal emphasis on free

markets and limited government intervention.
Theory of Political Realism
places a strong emphasis on the
role that power and self-interest
play in determining the dynamics
of globalization.
Theory of Political Realism
Example: US – CHINA TRADE
WAR, CHINA – PHILIPPINES
(TERRITORIAL DISPUTE),
UKRAINE VS RUSSIA
 Marxist Theory
the interests of the
capitalist elites are those
that drive globalization.
 Contructivism Theory
places a strong emphasis
on how ideas and social
norms influence
globalization.
 Contructivism Theory
Constructivism argues that
globalization isn't just about
economics and technology. It's
also shaped by ideas, beliefs, and
how we understand the world.
 Contructivism Theory
Constructivists believe that our ideas
about globalization influence how it
actually happens. For example, if we
believe globalization is inevitable and
beneficial, we might act in ways that
make it more likely to occur.
 Contructivism Theory
Global norms and values, like human
rights or environmental protection,
play a big role. These shared beliefs
can shape how countries interact and
how globalization unfolds.
 Contructivism Theory
Example : International
Human Rights Regime,
Climate Change
Agreements
 Postmodernism Theory
contend that globalization
causes cultures to become
more homogeneous and local
traditions to disintegrate.
 Feminism Theory
contend that the effects of
globalization are gendered,
with women frequently
bearing the effect of societal
and economic change.
 Feminism Theory
In essence, the statement
suggests that globalization
can exacerbate existing
gender inequalities and create
new challenges for women.
Transformationalism Theory
globalization is a process of
social and cultural change that
has the potential to lead to
multiple identities and
communities.
Global Identity: Globalization can foster a sense of global
citizenship, where individuals feel connected to people and
issues beyond their national borders.

Hybrid Identities: Individuals may develop hybrid identities,

blending elements of their local culture with influences from
other cultures they encounter through travel, media, and
migration. For example, a person born in the Philippines might
identify as Filipino, but also as a global citizen or someone who
enjoys K-pop and anime.

Fluid Identities: Globalization can challenge fixed notions of

identity, allowing individuals to explore and express multiple
identities that may shift and change over time.
 Eclecticism Theory
highlights the importance of
utilizing a variety of theoretical
viewpoints to understand the
intricate and multidimensional
nature of globalization.