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Digital Collection 003

This document is a comprehensive tutorial on Digital Electronics, covering core concepts such as number systems, combinational and sequential circuits, and the evolution of digital technology. It highlights the importance of digital electronics in computer organization, detailing how it enables the design of various computer components and systems. Additionally, it classifies digital systems into combinational and sequential types, discussing their advantages and disadvantages.

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28 views20 pages

Digital Collection 003

This document is a comprehensive tutorial on Digital Electronics, covering core concepts such as number systems, combinational and sequential circuits, and the evolution of digital technology. It highlights the importance of digital electronics in computer organization, detailing how it enables the design of various computer components and systems. Additionally, it classifies digital systems into combinational and sequential types, discussing their advantages and disadvantages.

Uploaded by

kamarakemoh17
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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• This comprehensive tutorial on Digital Electronics has been designed

for students and professionals who want to learn the concepts of


digital electronics. This tutorial covers all the core concepts of digital
electronics including number systems, combinational circuits,
sequential circuits, IC families, and more.
Digital Electronics

• We can define Digital Electronics as…

• "The branch of electrical and electronics engineering that deals with


study of design, working, and applications of digital signals and
systems."
• Digital electronics covers the comprehensive study of digital signals,
digital circuits, and digital technologies which are used in electronics,
electrical, computers, and communications.
• Digital devices and systems are much faster, accurate, reliable, and
efficient as compared to analog electronic devices. This is because
digital electronic devices are two-state devices and use binary
number system to function. Thus, the operation of these devices
toggle between only two binary states namely, on (logic 1) and off
(logic 0).

• A digital circuit or system consists of a large collection of logic gates


which are interconnected together to implement a specific Boolean or
logic function.
Evolution of Digital Electronics

• The following table gives the key milestones in the development of digital
electronics and binary logic, from binary number system to modern
digital logic gates −

• Year Description
• 1705 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz improved and published binary number
system.
• Mid-19th Century George Boole paved the foundation of digital logical.
• 1886 American scientist Charles Sanders Peirce explained how logic
operations can be performed by using electrical switching circuits.
• 1907 American inventor Lee De Forest modified the Fleming valve
and shown that it can be used as an AND gate.
• 1921 Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein introduced a version
of the 16-row truth table.
• 1924 German nuclear physicist invented the coincidence circuit. This
was the first modern electronic AND gate.
• 1941 Konrad Zuse developed the first fully automatic and
programmable digital computer "Z3".
• 1942 George Stibitz introduced the term "Digital" for first time.
• 1947 John Bardeen and Walter Brattain invented the point-contact
transistor at Bell Labs.
• 1948 William Shockley developed bipolar junction transistor (BJT) at
Bell Labs.
• 1953 Tom Kilburn and his team developed the first transistorized
computer (used transistors instead of vacuum tubes) at the University
of Manchester.
• 1955 Carl Forsch and Lincoln Derick discovered the Silicon Dioxide
effects.
• 1957 First planar transistor was developed.
• 1958 Germanium-based first integrated circuit (IC) was invented by
Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments.
• 1959 The first MOS (Metal Oxide Semiconductor) transistor was built
by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs.
• 1959 Robert Noyce invented a silicon IC at Fairchild semiconductor.
• 1970s Large Scale Integration (LSI) technology integrated more than
10,000 transistors on a single chip.
• 1980s CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor)
technology made it possible to integrate millions to billons of
transistors on a single chip.
• 1990s MOSFET-based radio frequency circuits and power amplifiers
were laid the foundation of wireless technologies like digital TV, radio,
wireless & satellite internet, GPS, mobile communication, etc.
• Design and Construction of Digital Circuits
• The digital electronic circuits are made up of tiny electronic
components called logic gates. Where, logic gates are electronic
circuits that can perform a Boolean or logical function on input
signals. The main component of logic gates is transistor that acts as a
switching device.
• Before designing and constructing a digital electronic circuit,
designers and engineers try to minimize logic redundancy, so the
circuit can become simpler, use fewer components and become cost
effective.
• This also reduces the chances of errors in design and construction of
digital circuits.
• To reduce the logic redundancy, there are various techniques in digital
electronics such as Boolean algebra, K-Map, Quine-McCluskey
method, etc.

• In actual practice, the complex digital circuits are usually


implemented using embedded systems and microcontrollers like PLCs,
because these systems do not need to be perfectly optimized and can
be programmed easily using tools like ladder logic.
Importance of Digital Electronics in Computer
Organization

• Computer Organization (CO) is a branch of computer engineering that


deals with the study of the physical components of a computer
system and their functioning.
• It allows us to understand how different components of a computer
system interact with each other to process data, instructions, and
perform tasks.
• Under computer organization, we study about the hardware
architecture and design principles of a computer system. Therefore,
computer organization helps computer engineers and system
designers to develop more efficient computer systems.

• Here are the key points that highlight the importance of Digital
Electronics in the field of Computer Organization −
• The binary representation of digital electronics is used to design
different circuits of a computer system.
• Digital electronics provide logic gates and other digital circuits which
are used in designing different components of a computer system like
control units, arithmetic logic units (ALUs), memory unit, and more.
• Digital electronics provide principles for design memory units and
data storage systems in computers.
• Digital electronics principles also empower computers to perform
various digital signal processing tasks such as modulation,
demodulation, filtering, etc.
• Digital electronics is the foundational concept in computer
organization which provides all the important tools and techniques
required for designing and implementing circuits and systems of a
computer.
Classification of Digital Electronic Systems

• Digital electronic systems are broadly classified into two types namely,
combinational systems and sequential systems, and they are −

• Combinational Systems − A digital electronic system that produces an


output according to its current inputs only is referred to as a combinational
system. It does not remember the past inputs and outputs. Instead, it
determines the output immediately based on the present inputs.
• Sequential Systems − A sequential system is a digital electronic system that
gives output based on both current inputs and past inputs. In sequential
systems, a feedback path and memory element are provided to feed some
of the outputs back as
• Sequential systems are further classified into the following two types
−

• Synchronous Systems − Those sequential systems that use a clock


signal for triggering the change in their state are called synchronous
systems.
• Asynchronous Systems − Those sequential systems that do not use
any clock signal and change their state according to applied input are
called asynchronous systems.
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Digital Electronics
• The following table highlights some major advantages and
disadvantages of digital electronics −
Advantages Disadvantages
Digital signals represent information more Sources of electricity required for operation of digital
accurately. systems is not readily available.

Digital signals can have quantization errors, as they


Digital systems are less susceptible to noise and cannot perfectly represent information using finite
interference. binary digits.

Digital electronics provides easy and reliable storage,


Analog to digital conversion is involved, hence,
processing, and transmission of information using
digital systems are slower.
binary numbers.

Digital systems can perform complex operations Due to sophisticated design and manufacturing
more precisely. process, digital systems are expensive to produce.

Design and manufacturing of digital system is easier Repairing process of digital systems require technical
and faster. expertise.

Digital systems are highly energy efficient. Due to very high compactness, digital systems
cannot be repaired.

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