Woldia Institute of Technology-Woldia University
Post Graduate Program
Construction Engineering and Management
EARTH COMPACTION EQUIPMENT
2
Types of Earth Compaction Equipment
A. Smooth – wheel rollers
B. Sheep – foot rollers
C. Pneumatic tyred rollers
3
A.Smooth-Wheel Rollers
Plain steel rollers
Self – propelled (5 to 25 tonnes)
No deep compaction
Rear wheels are larger in diameter and the front ones are
4
wider
Diesel engine type
Compaction is by static weight of roller
Suitability:
Granular soils; Sand; Gravel; Crushed stones
A.Smooth-Wheel Rollers
5
A.Smooth-Wheel Rollers
6
A.Smooth-Wheel Rollers
7
B. Sheep-Foot Rollers
Hollow steel drum with projected feet mounted at 100 to
200 mmc/c
Weight - 15 tonnes
Speed - 25 km/hr
8
Compaction is by kneading action
In convertible rollers the foot plate can be removed
In turn foot rollers the individual sheep foot can be
changed
Suitability:
Clay, predominantly cohesive and impervious soil
B. Sheep-Foot Rollers
9
B. Sheep-Foot Rollers
10
C. Pneumatic Tyred Rollers
Consists of a base platform mounted between two axles
Tracks of the rear wheel lie in between the tracks of the
front wheel
Compaction is by controlling the ground contact pressure
11
Weight or width of the wheel can be suitably increased
Suitability:
Fine grained and well graded sands
C. Pneumatic Tyred Rollers
12
PILE DRIVING EQUIPMENT
13
Pile Driving Equipment
Pile is a structural member driven into the ground
For the purpose of transferring surface loads
They are effective at an economical cost
Equipments needed:
14
Pile driven rigs
1. Skid mounted 2. Crane mounted 3. Floating rigs
Guide leaders
Pile driving hammers
Additional aids for preboring, jeeting etc.,
Boiler for steam raising or air compressor.
Pile Driving Rigs
Pile Driving Rigs provide basic operation of lifting the pile,
holding the pile in position, hammering it into the ground
or of pulling it out of the ground and guiding the pile in the
desired direction of movements.
It supports the boom, the winch, mechanism, driving 15
hammer, the guiding leaders and a platform for mounting
the auxiliary equipment such as jet pumps, drilling auger
etc.,
Pile Driving Rigs
Skid Mounted Rigs
16
Pile Driving Rigs
Crane Mounted Rigs
17
Pile Driving Rigs
Crane Mounted Rigs
18
Pile Driving Rigs
Crane Mounted Rigs
19
Guiding Leaders
The leaders guide the pile and the hammer during
operation which extents to the entire height of the rigs.
In case pile driven below the rigs in to excavations or
trenches extensible leaders are used.
It enable hammer to deliver blow axially to pile. 20
Guiding Leaders
21
Types of Hammers
1. Drop Hammer:
No external source needed.
Mechanism to lift the hammer by a
cable.
Drop it by gravity only.
22
Solid mass of Metal or Cast Iron of
weight – 1 to 4 Tonnes
Height of Fall – 1.5 to 6 m
No. of blows – 4 to 8 per min
It is slow process but efficient.
Not in use now.
Types of Hammers
2. Single Acting Hammer:
The hammer is lifted by steam
or compressed air.
Drop it by gravity only.
Weight – 2 Tonnes
23
Height of Fall – 1 m
No. of blows – 60 per min
Types of Hammers
3. Double Acting Hammer:
The hammer is lifted & lowered
by steam or compressed air.
Weight – 500 kg
Effect will be like 3 Tonnes
24
No. of blows – 100 to 200 per
min
Types of Hammers
4. Differential Acting
Hammer:
The hammer is modified form of
double acting hammer.
Weight – 2 Tonnes
25
Height of Fall – 1 m
No. of blows – 100 to 200 per min
Same pile can be driven with in
½ time saving 30% of
steam.
Types of Hammers
5. Diesel Hammer:
The hammer imparts
Compression, Impact and
Explosion energy to the pile.
26
Types of Hammers
5. Diesel Hammer: Work
Principle
a) Raise the piston to start
b) Injection of diesel fuel and
compression
27
c) Impact and explosion
Types of Hammers
5. Diesel Hammer: Work
Principle (Cont’d)
d) Exhaust ports exposed and
gases escape.
e) Draws fresh air through the
28
exhaust ports.
Types of Hammers
6. Vibratory Hammer:
Very effective in driving piles
through non cohesive granular
soils.
Pile is driven by making
29
vibration.
The vibration can be produced by
electrically / hydraulically.
Penetration rates can
approach up to 20 m/min in
moderately dense granular soils.
PILE DRIVING EQUIPMENT
30
Hauling Equipment
Hauling is defined as movement of materials from one
place to another place.
Equipments used for this process is hauling Equipments.
Types:
31
Dump trucks
Dumpers
Dump Trucks
Types:
1. Side dump truck
2. Bottom dump trucks
Side Dump Truck:
Dumping is through the sides of the truck 32
Suitable for hauling wet clay, sand, gravel, quarry rocks.
Bottom Dump Truck:
Dumping is by opening the bottom of the truck
Suitable for free flowing materials such as sand, gravel,
dry earth, hard clay.
Dump Trucks
Side Dump Truck:
33
Dump Trucks
Side Dump Truck:
34
Dumpers
High speed pneumatic wheeled trucks with short chasis
and strong bodies.
Suitable for short hauls on rough roads and specially
where a shuttle movement is required.
35
EQUIPMENTS FOR MATERIAL
HANDLING & ERECTION OF
36
STRUCTURES
Types of Handling Devices
Vertical Motion Devices
1. Block and Tackle
Oldest & Simplest one.
Use only mechanical power.
Inexpensive device. 37
But, Waste of manpower.
Types of Handling Devices
Vertical Motion Devices
1. Block And Tackle
38
Types of Handling Devices
Vertical Motion Devices
2. Winch
By winding rope or cable on
drum vertical movement is
obtained. 39
Greater mechanical
advantages than Block and
Tackle.
Used to load heavy equipment
in to ships etc.,
Types of Handling Devices
Vertical Motion Devices
2. Winch
40
Types of Handling Devices
Vertical Motion Devices
3. Hoists
Operated b/w fixed guide rails.
Operated by Hand,
Compressed air or by electric 41
power.
Same as elevators but
operator does not go up but
operated from one point to
others.
Types of Handling Devices
Vertical Motion Devices
4. Elevators
Same as Hoists but operator
can go up with the load.
Electrical type elevator is best. 42
If not Hydraulic type elevator
is used.
Types of Handling Devices
Horizontal Motion Devices
1. Hand Trucks
Simplest one still in use.
Require large manpower to use.
Advantages are small cost, flexibility, easy transportation from 43
one place to another place.
Types of Handling Devices
Horizontal Motion Devices
1. Hand Trucks
44
Types of Handling Devices
Horizontal Motion Devices
2. Narrow Gauge Rail Road
Very Expensive.
Used in industries like blast
furnace, copper refineries, steel 45
rolling operations etc.,
Types of Handling Devices
Horizontal Motion Devices
3. Tractors and Trailors
Most widely used.
Different tailors can be attached to tractors.
Less costly than narrow gauge rail. 46
Types of Handling Devices
Horizontal Motion Devices
4. Skids
Wheeled or Plain trollies over
which materials are loaded
and picked up by lift trucks. 47
Used to transfer load from
position to position.
Types of Handling Devices
Horizontal Motion Devices
5. Skids
Pipeline and pumps are used for horizontal transportation of
materials.
Used to transfer fluids and gaseous material. 48
Types of Handling Devices
Combination Devices
1. Chute
Used for both horizontal and vertical
movements.
May be straight or spiral forms. 49
Used in Packing industry, Railway & Air
terminals.
Types of Handling Devices
Combination Devices
1. Chute
50
Types of Handling Devices
Combination Devices
2. Lift Truck
Same as Skids but provide large platform to lift & place
materials.
Uses mechanical power to move materials from one place to 51
other.
Types of Handling Devices
Combination Devices
3. Fork Lift Truck
It is provided with fork which receives the load at G.L. &
elevates hydraulically to desired height.
No need of Manual lifting. 52
Self loading & unloading.
Types of Handling Devices
Combination Devices
4. Cranes
Used in construction projects, shipping, industries etc.
They may be electrically operated, diesel operated or
Diesel-electric drive. 53
Classification:
I. Derrick cranes.
II. Mobile cranes.
III. Overhead or gantry cranes.
IV. Traveller cranes.
V. Tower cranes.
Types of Handling Devices
Parts:
Mast; Boom; Bull wheel
Types:
Guy-derrick; Stiff leg derrick
54
Operation:
The boom can revolve through 360 degree.
It can carry loads up to 200 tons.
When the load is less than 50 tons guy ropes are replaced by
trussed structure.
Stiff leg derrick can carry 7- 50 tons.
Types of Handling Devices
Uses:
Loading and unloading cargoes at ports.
To handle loose materials like sand, ballast, coal.
In construction projects, industrial, multistoreyed building
55
construction.
Plant errection.
Types of Handling Devices
Combination Devices
I. Derrick Crane:
56
Types of Handling Devices
Combination Devices
I. Derrick Crane:
57
Types of Handling Devices
Combination Devices
II. Mobile Crane:
They are either crawler mounted or wheel mounted.
Crawler mounted are highly maneouverabile and operate
on unmade ground. 58
Suitable for rough terrains.
Operate in a limited area.
Truck mounted cranes have high mobility.
Speed - 70-75 km/hr.
Load – 3 to 160 tons.
Types of Handling Devices
Combination Devices
II. Mobile Crane:
59
Types of Handling Devices
Combination Devices
II. Mobile Crane:
60
Types of Handling Devices
Combination Devices
III. Overhead or Gantry Crane:
Used for handling loads over a long rectangular area.
It consists of bridge which is fixed by two gantry girders at
the ends supported by tram wheels. 61
Next the crab consist of hoisting gear mounted on frame
of bridge.
Frame itself mounted on another set of wheels to
Move along main girders.
Used in storage, erection, foundry, steel plants etc.,
Types of Handling Devices
Combination Devices
III. Overhead or Gantry Crane:
62
Types of Handling Devices
Combination Devices
III. Overhead or Gantry Crane:
63
Types of Handling Devices
Combination Devices
III. Overhead or Gantry Crane:
64
Types of Handling Devices
Combination Devices
IV. Traveller Crane:
These have their crabs moving on girders supported on
legs instead of gratry trucks as used in the overhead
cranes.
65
The legs are capable of moving on tracks laid on the floor.
Used in dumping yards, casting yards, erection industries
etc.,
Types of Handling Devices
Combination Devices
IV. Traveller Crane:
66
Types of Handling Devices
Combination Devices
IV. Traveller Crane:
67
Types of Handling Devices
Combination Devices
V. Tower Crane:
It has a truss structure welded from angle bars and
channels.
Ladders are provided for ease. 68
They can be assembled and dismantled.
Used in industrial and residential high rise building.
Also commonly used in industrial plants with steel
structures.
Types of Handling Devices
Combination Devices
V. Tower Crane:
69
Types of Handling Devices
Combination Devices
V. Tower Crane:
70
Types of Handling Devices
Combination Devices
5. Conveyors
Transmitting materials over a stationary structure in continuous
stream.
Advantages:
71
Increases output
Continuity in operation
Time saving (no waiting periods)
Types:
I. Belt conveyor
II. Screw conveyor
III. Bucket conveyor
Types of Handling Devices
Combination Devices
5. Conveyors – Belt Conveyor
Most popular
Consists of a belt running over a pair of end drums supported
by a series of rollers called idlers
72
Middle sag is provided to prevent the spilling of Materials
Advantages:
Can handle light, heavy, dry, wet, soft, coarse materials
High speed
Carries horizontally and inclined
Lighter in weight
Controlled discharge
Types of Handling Devices
Combination Devices
5. Conveyors – Belt Conveyor
73
Types of Handling Devices
Combination Devices
5. Conveyors – Belt Conveyor
74
BARROSO, BRAZIL - 7.2 KILOMETER - LONGEST BELT CONVEYOR
Types of Handling Devices
Combination Devices
5. Conveyors – Screw Conveyor
Used for handling granular or pulverized materials
Quantity is less compared to belt conveyor.
Low cost 75
Consists of a helix mounted on a bearing at the ends
and at intermediate points
Length is 65m with an inclination up to 35 degrees
Types of Handling Devices
Combination Devices
5. Conveyors – Screw Conveyor
76
Types of Handling Devices
Combination Devices
5. Conveyors – Bucket Conveyor
Material is transferred through a series of buckets.
Length is limited to 25m.
Weight depends upon the strength of chains. 77
Mainly used for handling coal.
Types of Handling Devices
Combination Devices
5. Conveyors – Bucket Conveyor
78
Types of Handling Devices
Combination Devices
5. Conveyors – Bucket Conveyor
79
Types of Handling Devices
Arial Transportation
1. Cableways
Used in excavation work of dams, quarries,
construction etc.,
Loads are hoisted and moved vertically. 80
Also used in transporting concrete over large area.
2. Ropeways
Long distance movement
Endless rope with two towers and supported by
Series of pulley mounted on intermediate tower.
Types of Handling Devices
Arial Transportation
Cableways and Ropeways
81
Types of Handling Devices
Arial Transportation
Cableways and Ropeways
82
