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Engineering Drawing Lecture Four

The document discusses the concept of scales in drawing, including plain and diagonal scales, and the requirements for their construction. It provides detailed examples of how to construct these scales using representative fractions (RF) and includes assignments for practice. Additionally, it briefly touches on similar figures and methods for enlarging or reducing plane figures.

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Daniel Henry
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10 views26 pages

Engineering Drawing Lecture Four

The document discusses the concept of scales in drawing, including plain and diagonal scales, and the requirements for their construction. It provides detailed examples of how to construct these scales using representative fractions (RF) and includes assignments for practice. Additionally, it briefly touches on similar figures and methods for enlarging or reducing plane figures.

Uploaded by

Daniel Henry
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SCALES

In cases where the object may be


too large for the paper or too small
to be drawn clearly. Then, in either
case it will be necessary to draw
the object ‘ to scale ’ .
Types of scale
• Plain scales

• Diagonal Scales
The Representative Fraction (RF)
•
•
Requirements for the construction
of a scale
• The RF of the scale

• The maximum length the scale is supposed to


measure

• Examination of the units required for


measurement
The construction of Plain scales
• A plain scale is the simplest scale in which a line
is used to represent dimensions.

• The line is divided into a suitable number of


equal parts or units, while the first division is
subdivided into equal number of smaller parts
or units.
• A plain scale represents either two units or a
unit and its subdivisions.
Examples
1) Construct a plain scale of RF = 1:60 to show
metres and decimetres and long enough to
measure up to 6 m. Mark on the scale a dimension
representing 5.7 m.
SOLUTION
Step 1: The RF of the scale=1/60
Step 2: The maximum length the scale is supposed
to measure = RF*maximum given length
= (1/60) *6000mm = 100mm
Construction of the scale.

Draw a line PQ of length 100 mm and divide it into


six equal parts. Each main division represents 1 m.
Subdivide the first left-most division into 10 equal
number of parts. Each subdivision represents 1
decimetre.
2) The distance between the centres of two drilled
holes which are 0.8 m apart is shown by a line of
2 cm on the drawing. Construct a scale to
read up to 5 m. Show on the scale a length of 2.3
m.
SOLUTION
Step 1: The RF of the scale=2/80=1/40.
Step 2: The maximum length the scale is supposed
to measure = RF*maximum given length
= (1/40)*5000mm = 125mm
Construction of the scale
• Draw a line of length 125 mm and divide it
into five equal parts. Each main division
represents 1 m. Subdivide the first left-most
division into 10 equal number of parts. Each
subdivision represents 1 decimetre.
Diagonal Scales
Diagonal scales are used to represent three
successive units such as metre, decimetre and
centimetre or to the accuracy correct to two
decimal places i.e. to measure a length of 5.83
m.
In a diagonal scale, a line is divided into
suitable number of equal parts or units and
the first division is subdivided into smaller
parts or units diagonally.
Requirements for the construction
of a scale
• Draw a line AB and erect a perpendicular at B as
indicated below.
• Mark 10 equi-distant points (1,2,3, etc) of any
suitable length along this perpendicular and mark C.
• Complete the rectangle ABCD
• Draw the diagonal BD.
• Draw horizontals through the division points to
meet BD at l' , 2' , 3' etc
•
• Thus, the lines 1-1',2 - 2', 3 - 3' etc., measure O.lCD,
0.2CD, 0.3CD etc. respectively. Thus, CD is divided
into 1/10 the divisions by the diagonal BD, i.e., each
horizontal line is a multiple of 1/10 CD.
• Examples
1)Construct a diagonal scale to read up to (1/100)th of
a metre and long enough to measure up to 6 m. Take
RF =1:50 and mark on the scale a distance of 4.58 m.
SOLUTION
Step 1: The RF of the scale=1/50=1:50
Step 2: The maximum length the scale is supposed to
measure = RF*maximum given length
(1/50)*6000mm= 120mm
Construction of the scale
• Draw a line PQ of length 120 mm as indicated
below and divide it into six equal parts. Each
main division represents 1 m.
• Subdivide the first left-most division into 10
equal number of parts. Each subdivision
represents 1 decimetre.
• Divide PS into 10 equal parts and number the
division points from P. Draw horizontal lines
through these points to meet the line QR.
Construction of the scale cont…

• GF represents 1 dm and the diagonal GE of the


right angled triangle GEF is divided into 10 equal
parts by horizontal lines already drawn.
2) Distance between Delhi and Chennai is 1800
km. On a railway map, it is represented by 36 cm
length. Calculate the RF. Construct a diagonal
scale to read up to a single kilometre. Mark on it
the following distances: (1) 76 km; (2) 593 km.

SOLUTION
Step 1: The RF of the scale =
360/(180*1000*1000)=1:5,000,000
Step 2: The maximum length the scale is
supposed to measure = RF*maximum given
length(1/5,000,000)*600,000,000= 120mm
Construction of the scale
• Draw a line PQ of length 120 mm and divide it
into six equal parts. Each main division
represents 100km. Subdivide the first left-
most division into 10 equal number of parts.
Each subdivision represents 10metre.
• Divide PS into 10 equal parts and number the
division points from P. Draw horizontal lines
through these points to meet the line QR.
Construction of the scale cont…

• GF represents 1m and the diagonal GE of the


right angled triangle GEF is divided into 10 equal
parts by horizontal lines already drawn.
3) Construct a diagonal scale, 10 times full
size, to show mm and tenths of a mm and to
read to a maximum of 20 mm. Using the scale,
construct a triangle ABC with AB 17.4 mm, BC
13.8 mm and AC 11 mm.
ASSIGNMENT
1) Distance between Delhi and Chennai is 1800 km. On a railway map, it is
represented by 36 cm length. Calculate the RF. Construct a diagonal
scale to read up to a single kilometre. Mark on it the following distances:
(1) 76 km; (2) 593 km.

2)Distance between IIT Chennai and Guindy is 2.5 km. On a road map, this is
represented by a distance of 10 cm. Draw a diagonal scale to read a smallest
distance of 5 m and long enough to measure 4 km. Show on this scale a
distance of 3.37 km.

3) On a survey map, the distance between two places 1 km apart is 2.5 cm.
Construct a scale to read 1.8 km. What is the RF of the scale?
•
Enlarging and Reducing Plane
Figures
• Definition
Similar figures are figures that have the same shape but may be
different in size.

Examples
• 1) Construct a figure similar to the figure, having sides 7/5 the
length of the given figure.
• SOLUTION

• METHOD A
• STEP 1: Select a point P called the centre of similitude, in
the position shown.
• STEP 2: From P draw lines through all the
corners of the figure.
• STEP 3: Extend the length of one of the lines
from P to a corner, say PQ, in the ratio 7:5. The new
length is PR.
• Beginning at R, draw the sides of the larger
figure parallel to the sides of the original
• smaller figure
• METHOD B
METHOD C

These construction methods also work well for reducing the size of a plane figure.

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