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Cie 112 Lesson 11 Traverse

This document discusses traverse computation in surveying, outlining the purpose and types of traverses, including closed and open traverses. It details sources of error and mistakes in traversing, as well as the procedure for computing and adjusting traverses, including balancing angles and calculating departures and latitudes. The document emphasizes the importance of accuracy in establishing control for various surveying applications.

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13 views21 pages

Cie 112 Lesson 11 Traverse

This document discusses traverse computation in surveying, outlining the purpose and types of traverses, including closed and open traverses. It details sources of error and mistakes in traversing, as well as the procedure for computing and adjusting traverses, including balancing angles and calculating departures and latitudes. The document emphasizes the importance of accuracy in establishing control for various surveying applications.

Uploaded by

maxartiza14
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LESSON 11-12:

TRAVERSE COMPUTATION
CIE 112 FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING
Introduction

▪ A traverse is a series of consecutive lines whose ends


have been marked in the field whose lengths and
direction have been determine from observations.
▪ Traverses are used to find accurate positions of a
marked stations. Thus, traverses usually serve as
control surveys. When drawing construction plans, the
stations can be used as beginning points from which to
lay out work.
Introduction

▪ Traverse surveys are made for many purposes to include:


▪ To determine the positions of exiting boundary markers.
▪ To establish the positions of boundary lines.
▪ To determine the area encompassed within a boundary.
▪ To determine the positions of arbitrary points from which data may be
obtained for preparing various types of maps.
▪ To establish ground control for photographic mapping.
▪ To establish control for gathering data regarding earthwork quantities in
railroad highway, utility
and other construction work.
▪ To establish control for locating railroads, highways and other construction
work.
Two Kinds of Traverses:
1. Closed Traverse
a) Closed Traverse – the lines return to the starting point, forming a closed figure that is both
geometrically and mathematically closed. Closed traverses provide checks on the observed
angles and distances, which is extremely important consideration

b) Link Traverse – the lines on a link traverse finish upon another station that should have a
positional accuracy equal to or greater than that of the starting point. The link type

closing reference direction, line 𝐸 − 𝐴𝑧𝑀𝑘2.


(geometrically open and mathematically closed), as illustrated in the Figure 6.2, it must have a
Two Kinds of Traverses:
2. Open Traverse
An open traverse (geometrically and mathematically open) shown in the Figure 6.3 are consists of a
series of lines that are connected but do not return to the starting point or close upon a point of
equal or greater order accuracy.
Open traverses should be avoided because they offer no means of checking for observational error
and mistakes. If they must be used, observations should be repeated carefully to guard against
mistakes.
Sources of Error in Traversing
1. Poor selection of stations, resulting in bad sighting conditions caused
by
a) Alternate sun and shadow
b) Visibility of only the rod’s top
c) Line of sight passing too close to the ground
d) Lines that are too short
e) Sighting into the sun
2. Errors in observations of angles and distances.
3. Failure to observe angles an equal number of times direct and
reversed.

Mistakes in Traversing
1. Occupying or sighting on the wrong station.
2. Incorrect orientation.
3. Confusing angles to the right and left.
4. Mistakes in note taking.
5. Misidentification of the sighted station.
Traverse Computations
Procedure for Computing and Adjusting Traverses:
A. Adjusting angles or directions to fixed geometric
conditions
B. Determining preliminary azimuths or bearings of the
traverse lines
C. Calculating departures and latitudes and adjusting them
for misclosures
D. Calculating lengths and azimuths or bearings of the
traverse lines after adjustments.
A. Balancing Angles

Angles of a closed traverse can be adjusted to the correct geometric total by


applying one of the two following methods:
1. Applying an average correction to each angle where observing conditions were
approximately the same at all stations. The correction for each angle is found by
dividing the total angular misclosure by the number of angles.
2. Making larger corrections to angles where poor observing conditions were present.
Sum of Interior Angles of a Closed Polygon
∑ = (𝑛 − 2) 180°
Sum of Exterior Angles of a Closed Polygon
∑ = (𝑛 + 2) 180°
where, 𝑛 is the number of sides or angles in the polygon
A. Balancing Angles (EXAMPLE)
A. Balancing Angles (EXAMPLE)
B. Computation of Preliminary Azimuths and Bearings(EXAMPLE)
After balancing angles, calculate either preliminary azimuths or preliminary bearings.
Based on the Figure 6.4, fixed azimuth of 234°17’18” for line AW, a measured angle to the
right of
151°52’24” for WAE, and the angle adjustment by method 1, Table 6.1.
Compute the azimuth of course AB
B. Computation of Preliminary Azimuths and Bearings(EXAMPLE)
After balancing angles, calculate either preliminary azimuths or preliminary bearings.
Based on the Figure 6.4, fixed azimuth of 234°17’18” for line AW, a measured angle to the
right of
151°52’24” for WAE, and the angle adjustment by method 1, Table 6.1.
Compute the azimuth of course AB
C. Departure and Latitudes

After balancing the angles and calculating preliminary azimuths or bearings, traverse
closure is checked by computing the departure and latitude of each line. Departure are
sometimes called easting or westing, while latitude is called northing or southing.
C. Departure and Latitudes (EXAMPLE)
C. Departure and Latitudes
C. Departure and Latitudes (EXAMPLE)
C. Departure and Latitudes

Traverse Adjustment
For any closed traverse, the linear misclosure must be adjusted (or

traverse to 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 or 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 the figure.


distributed) throughout the
C. Departure and Latitudes
D. Adjusted Traverse Lengths and
Directions
Computation of final values for lengths and directions of traverse lines based on their
adjusted departure and latitudes listed in Table 6.4.
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