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Gen - Math Reviewer 1stquarter

The document explains the concepts of intercepts, zeroes, and asymptotes in rational functions, detailing how to find y-intercepts, x-intercepts, and zeroes. It also covers the types of asymptotes, including vertical, horizontal, and oblique, along with methods for determining them. Additionally, it introduces one-to-one functions and their inverses, exponential functions, and their applications in modeling growth and decay.

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17 views52 pages

Gen - Math Reviewer 1stquarter

The document explains the concepts of intercepts, zeroes, and asymptotes in rational functions, detailing how to find y-intercepts, x-intercepts, and zeroes. It also covers the types of asymptotes, including vertical, horizontal, and oblique, along with methods for determining them. Additionally, it introduces one-to-one functions and their inverses, exponential functions, and their applications in modeling growth and decay.

Uploaded by

Haizel Charm
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Intercepts, Zeroes, and

Asymptotes
Intercepts
• The intercepts of the graph of a rational function
are the points of intersection of its graph and an
axis.
Intercepts
Two types of Intercepts:
• y-intercept – it occurs at , provided that
is defined at . To find y-intercept, simply
evaluate the function at
• x-intercept – it occurs at the zeroes of
the numerator that are not zeroes of the
denominator. To find x-intercept, equate
the function at .
x- 𝒚 =𝒙 + 𝟑
intercept
(-3,0)
𝟑−𝒙
How to find the x-intercept 𝒇 ( 𝒙)=
𝒙 +𝟏
Step 1: Equate the function to 0
𝟑− 𝒙
𝟎=
𝒙 +𝟏
Step 2: Eliminate the denominator by
multiplying both sides with the denominator
𝟑−𝒙
( 𝒙 +𝟏 ) ( 𝟎 )= ( 𝒙 +𝟏) 𝟎=𝟑 − 𝒙
𝒙 +𝟏
𝟑−𝒙
How to find the x-intercept 𝒇 ( 𝒙)=
𝒙 +𝟏
Step 3: Simplify the function

𝟎=𝟑 − 𝒙
𝒙 𝒙
𝒙 =𝟑
Step 4: Write the x-intercept
(𝟑 , 𝟎)
Find the x-intercept of the following:

𝟑𝒙
𝒇 ( 𝒙)= Answer: (𝟎 , 𝟎)
𝒙 +𝟑

𝟐
𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒙 +𝟐
𝒇 ( 𝒙)= 𝟐 Answer: ( 𝟏 , 𝟎 )
𝒙 −𝟒
𝒚 =𝒙 + 𝟑

(0,3)
y-
intercept
𝟑−𝒙
How to find the y-intercept 𝒇 ( 𝒙)=
𝒙 +𝟏
Step 1: Substitute all x variables
with 0 𝟑−𝟎
𝒇 ( 𝒙)=
𝟎+𝟏

Step 2: Simplify the function


𝟑
𝒇 ( 𝒙)= 𝒇 ( 𝒙 ) =𝟑
𝟏
Step 3: Write the y-intercept (𝟎 , 𝟑)
Find the y-intercept of the following:

𝟑𝒙
𝒇 ( 𝒙)= Answer: (𝟎 , 𝟎)
𝒙 +𝟑

𝟐
𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒙 +𝟐
𝒇 ( 𝒙)= 𝟐
𝒙 −𝟒 Answer:
( 𝟎 ,−
𝟏
𝟐 )
Zeroes of a function

•The zeroes of a function are the


values of x which makes the
function zero. The numbered
zeroes are also the x-intercept of
the graph of the function.
How to find the zeroes of a function
𝒙 −𝟐 Solve for x-intercept by
𝒈 ( 𝒙)=
𝒙+𝟔 equating the numerator to
0
𝒙 − 𝟐=𝟎
𝒙 =𝟐
Thus, the zero of g(x) is
𝒙 −𝟑 𝒙 −𝟑
𝒉 ( 𝒙)= 𝟐 𝒉 ( 𝒙)=
𝒙 −𝟗 ( 𝒙 − 𝟑) ( 𝒙 +𝟑)

𝟏
𝒉 ( 𝒙)=
( 𝒙 +𝟑)

𝟏=𝟎 false

The function have no zero


2
𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2
𝑔 ( 𝑥 )= 2
𝑥 −4

(𝑥 +2)( 𝑥 − 1)
𝑔 ( 𝑥 )=
( 𝑥 +2)( 𝑥 − 2)

(𝑥 −1) 𝒙 − 𝟏=𝟎 𝒙 =𝟏
𝑔 ( 𝑥 )=
( 𝑥 −2)
(𝟏 , 𝟎)
Asymptotes
• An asymptote is an imaginary line to which
the graph gets closer and closer as the x or
y increases its value without limit.

• Kinds of Asymptotes:
• Vertical Asymptote
• Horizontal Asymptote
• Slant or oblique Asymptote
Finding the vertical asymptote

• To determine the vertical asymptote of a


rational function, first reduce the given
function to simplest form then find
the zeroes of the denominator that
are not zeroes of the numerator.
Find the vertical asymptote:

𝒙 −𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟏=𝟎 𝒙 =𝟏
𝒇 ( 𝒙)=
𝒙 +𝟓 𝒙 +𝟓=𝟎 5

𝒙 +𝟐 𝒙 +𝟐=𝟎 2
𝒇 ( 𝒙)=
( 𝒙 +𝟏)( 𝒙 − 𝟒) 𝒙 +𝟏=𝟎 1
𝒙 − 𝟒=𝟎 𝒙 =𝟒
Finding the horizontal asymptote:

•To determine the horizontal


asymptote of a rational
function, compare the degree
of the numerator n and the
degree of the denominator d.
• If n < d, the horizontal asymptote is y=0.
• If n=d, the horizontal asymptote y is the
ratio of the leading coefficient of the
numerator a, to the leading coefficient of
the denominator b. that is
• If n > d, there is no horizontal asymptote
3 𝑥 +8
𝑓 (𝑥 )= 2
3𝑥 1<2
2
𝑥 +1 𝑥 n<d

The horizontal asymptote is

“If n < d, the horizontal asymptote is y=0”


Find the horizontal asymptote of the
following:

2 3
3 +8 𝑥 8 𝑥 −1
𝑓 (𝑥 )= 2 𝑓 (𝑥 )= 2
𝑥 +1 1−𝑥
Finding the oblique or slant
asymptote

•To find the oblique asymptote,


simply divide the numerator by
the denominator by either using
long division or synthetic
division.
𝟐 r. 4
𝒙 +𝟑
𝒉 ( 𝒙)= 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒙 + 𝟎 𝒙 +𝟑
𝟐
𝒙 −𝟏
𝟐
−𝒙 − 𝒙
Thus, the line is 𝒙 +𝟑
the oblique − 𝒙 −𝟏
asymptote
𝟒
ONE-TO-ONE
FUNCTIONS
One-to-One Functions
The function f is one-to-one if for
any in the domain of f, then .
That is, the same y-value is never
paired with two different x-
values.
Example 1: The relation pairing an SSS
member to his or her SSS number.

Solution: Each SSS member is assigned


to a unique SSS number. Thus, the
relation is a function. Further, two
different members cannot be assigned
the same SSS number. Thus, the function
is one-to-one.
Example 2: Which of the following are
one-to-one function?
a. Books to author
b. SIM cards to cell phone numbers
c. True or False questions to answers
Solution: Only B is a one-to-one function.
Books can have multiple authors that wrote
book. A True or False question has only one
answer so it is a function but a “True”
answer can correspond to multiple
questions.
INVERSE
ONE-TO-ONE
FUNCTIONS
Inverse of One-to-One Functions
Let f be a one-to-one functions
with domain A and range B. Then
inverse of f, denoted by , is a
function with domain B and
range A defined by if and only if
f(x) = y for any y in B.
To find the inverse of a one-to-one
function:
a. Write the function in the form y =
f(x);
b. Interchange the x and y variables;
c. Solve for y in terms of x.

Example 1: Find the inverse of f(x)=3x


+1

Solution: The equation of the function


Step 1: interchange the x and y
variables: x = 3y + 1
Step 2: Solve for y in terms of x:
x = 3y + 1
x – 1 = 3y
=y
Step 3: Therefore, the inverse
function of f(x) = 3x + 1 is
PROPERTY OF INVERSE OF ONE-TO-ONE
FUNCTION

Given a one-to-one function f(x) and


its inverse , then the following are
true:

• The inverse of is f(x).

• for all x in the domain of f.


EXPONENTIAL
FUNCTIONS
AN EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION WITH
BASE B is a function of the form
(b>0, b≠0)

Example: if f(x) = , evaluate f(2), f(-2),


f(1/2), and f(0.40)

Solution: f(2) = = 9
f(-2) = = 1/ =
f(1/2) = = 3
f(0.40) = = = =
AN EXPONENTIAL MODELS AND
POPULATION GROWTH
Suppose a quantity T doubles every t units
of time. If is the initial amount, then the
quantity y after t units of time is given by
Example: at t=0, there were initially 20
bacteria. Suppose that the bacteria doubles
every 100 hours. Give an exponential model
for bacteria as a function of t.
Solution:
At t = 0 number of bacteria = 20
t = 100 number of bacteria = 20(2)
t = 200 number of bacteria = 20(3)
t = 300 number of bacteria = 20(4)
t = 400 number of bacteria = 20(5)
An exponential model for this situation is
y=
AN EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION AND HALF
LIFE
If the half life of a substance is T units, and
is the amount of the substance
corresponding to t = 0, then the amount y
of substance remaining after t units of time
is given by

*the half-life of a radioactive substance is


the time it takes for half of the substance to
decay.
Example: Suppose that a half-life of a
certain radioactive substance is 10 days
and there are 10kg initially, determine the
amount of substance remaining after
30days, and give an exponential model for
the amount of remaining substance.

Solution: we use the fact that the mass is


halved every 10 days.

**continuation next slide…


Let t= time in days. Thus, we have:

Initially, at
t=0 amount of substance = 10kg
t = 10 days amount of substance = 5kg
t = 20 days amount of substance = 2.5kg
t = 30 days amount of substance = 125kg

An exponential model for this situation is


COMPOUND INTEREST
If a principal P is invested at an annual rate
of r, compounded annually, then the
amount after t years is given by A = P(

Example: Mr. dela Cruz invested P100,000


in a company that offers 6% interest
compounded annually. How much will his
investment be in 8 years? 10 years?
Solution:
Using the model y =100,000 (, substitute t
=8 and t = 10
If t = 8,
y = P100,000 ( = P159,384.81
If t = 10
y = P100,000 ( = P179,084.77
NATURAL EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION is
the function

Example: A large slab of meat is taken


from the refrigerator and placed in a pre-
heated oven. The temperature T of the slab
t minutes after being placed in the oven is
given by degree Celsius. Construct a table
of values for the following values of t: 0, 10,
20, 30, 40, 50, 60. Round off to the nearest
integer.
Solution
t 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
T 5 15 24 32 40 47 54

**The slab meat is increasing in


temperature at roughly the same rate.
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS,
EQUATIONS, AND
INEQUALITIES
EXPONENTIAL EXPRESSION is an
expression of the form , where

Exponential Equation Exponential Inequality Exponential Function

An equation involving An inequality involving


Definition Function of the form
exponential expressions exponential expressions

Example
ONE –TO-ONE PROPERTY OF EXPONENTIAL
FUNCTIONS
If , then
Conversely, if

Example: Solve the equation: 16


Solution: Write both sides with 4 as the base.
16

since the base are already the same.


Simplify the exponent of both sides.
Continuation..
x–1=2
x =2+1
x =3
Checking: x = 3
16
16
16 = 16 True
PROPERTIES OF EXPONENTIAL
INEQUALITIES

If , then the exponential function is increasing


for all x. this means that if and only if x < y.

If , then the exponential function is decreasing


for all x. this means that if and only if x < y.
Example:

Solution: both 9 and 3 can be written using 3 as


the base.

The solution set to the inequality is .


Example:
Solution: Since , then we write both sides of the inequality with as the
base.

x+5 ≤ 6x
5 ≤ 6x – x
5 ≤ 5x
1≤x
The solution set to the inequality is .
Additional Review:
Set Builder Notation is a mathematical notation
for describing a set by enumerating its elements
or stating the properties that its member must
satisfy.
Example:

Properties of Logarithmic Functions:


• Domain in Logarithmic function - The property of
a logarithmic function which is the set of positive
real or
• The property of logarithmic function where the
Thank you…

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