PIPING AND

P&ID INSTRUMENTATION
Lecture
DIAGRAM
(April 14, 2024)
Outline
Part 1. Introduction Part 3. Conventions in Constructing P&IDs
• Objective • Layout
• Definition of P&ID • Equipment Setup
• Importance of P&ID Part 4. Workshop
• P&ID vs. PFD • Problem 1
• P&ID should include. . . • Problem 2 (homework?)
• P&ID Limitation
Part 2. P&ID Parts and Details
• Standard Format
• P&ID Symbols
• Piping and Equipment Designation
• Tools
PART 1
INTRODUCTION
Objective of this Lecture
At the end of this lecture, you will be able to:

 Familiarize yourself with the content of the P&IDs

 Be able to construct and prepare a P&ID
 PROCESS DESIGN SCOPE
1. process material and heat balances;
2. process cycle development, correlation of pilot or research data, and correlation of physical property data;
3. auxiliary services material and heat balances;
4. flowsheet development and detailed completion;
5. chemical engineering performance design for specific items of equipment required for a flowsheet, and mechanical
interpretation of this to a practical and reasonable specification. Here, the process requirements are converted into hardware
details to accomplish the process end results at each step in the product production process;
6. instrumentation as related to process performance, presentation, and interpretation of requirements to instrument specialists;
7. process interpretation for proper mechanical, structural, civil, electrical, instrument, and so on, handling of the respective
individual phases of the project;
8. preparation of specifications in proper form and/or detail for use by the project team as well as for the purchasing function;
9. evaluation of bids and recommendation of qualified vendor
Definition of Terms
Piping And Instrument Diagram (P&ID) Is A Schematic
Diagram That Shows How Equipment And Instruments Connect
To Form A Functional Process System (AIChE)
The P&ID Is The Chief Control Document For The Engineering
Design Of Petrochemical And Refinery Systems (AIChE) Image: P&ID Guidelines for Pig Receivers - Inst Tools (instrumentationtools.com)

The Piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID), also known

as mechanical flow diagram (MFD), provides information
needed by engineers to begin planning for the construction of
the plant. The P&ID includes every mechanical aspect of the
plant except the information given in Table 1. (Turton, et. al. –
TEXTBOOK Definition) Table 1.8 from reference 3.
Why is P&ID Important?
Defines Scope - serve as a conceptual layout of a chemical plant
Specifies Systems - Grouped by specific section of plant
Identifies Essential Components - Equipment, Instruments, pipe, etc.
Guides Engineering Design - Serve as a basis for equipment design, pipe design, estimating
cost, purchasing
Tracks Changes
Assists Construction - Use for evaluation of construction process
Trains Operators - Serve as a communication document for how the process works, used for
the development of operational methodology
 P&ID vs. PFD
P&ID PFD
1. Shows all piping equipment, controllers, 1. Focuses on showing process flow scheme
valve types and the materials that are of facility, and showing what a process.
used in construction. 2. Shows main process flows and process
2. Contains a level of detail of facility that control loops, and all equipment in the
can be used as basis for material takeoff facility.
(i.e., amount or number of materials to 3. Includes tabulated design values such as
be purchased. normal, minimum, and maximum
3. Does not contain information on stream operating conditions.
conditions and properties. 4. Contain, such as stream flows and
compositions.
P&ID vs. PFD vs. BFD
Block flow Diagram – This diagram
consisted of a series of blocks
representing a group of equipment
or unit operations that were
connected by input and output
streams. The diagram does not
include any details of equipment
within any of the blocks.
 P&IDs should include. . .
• Instrumentation and designations, Control inputs and outputs
• Mechanical equipment with names and numbers, and their specifications such as material, insulation, maximum flow
rate, working pressure and temperature, maximum power etc.
• All valves and their identifications
• Process piping, sizes and identification
• Miscellaneous - vents, drains, special fittings, sampling lines, reducers, increasers and swagers
• Permanent start-up and flush lines
• Flow directions
• Line interconnections
• Vendor and Licensor information on equipment, equipment packages and licensed process units
• Intended physical sequence of the equipment
P&ID Limitation
Not to Scale - as stated above, P&IDs can't be relied on as a scale guide for
where pipes, equipment or other items are in proximity to equipment in the
real world.
Not Geometrically Accurate - P&IDs don't illustrate geometry. The level of
detail that goes into symbols for equipment will vary but is almost never
geometrically correct!
Not Definitive - P&IDs do not include complete specs for all the equipment
in the process. They are, after all drawings, not documents. If you need
details, grab the pertinent data sheets or vendor specs. Or ask someone for
some help.
Not Drawn Consistently - Sadly, P&IDs seldom look consistent between
companies. That's because there is a lot of flexibility in how one can go about
drawing a P&ID (due to various standards, CAD systems, etc.) and that leaves
https://www.aiche.org/chenected/2010/09/interpreting-
them open to company and/or personal preferences. As a result, P&IDs often
piping-and-instrumentation-diagrams
take on a different "look and feel" from company-to-company or even from
job-to-job inside the same company.
PART 2
P&ID PARTS AND DETAILS
P&IDS use specific symbols
to show the connectivity of
equipment, sensors, and
valves in a control system.
These symbols can
represent actuators,
sensors, and controllers and
may be apparent in most, if
not all, system diagrams.

The standard notation,

varying from letters to
figures, is important for
engineers to understand
because it a common
language used for
discussing plants in the
industrial world.
Standardiz
e Format
Standard P&ID drawing Size is
ANSI D, which is
22” high by 34” Wide
BORDER
It helps us identify boundary of
Drawing Content
Thickness of the Border may vary

Drawing File Name usually outside

the border
DRAWING
TITLE BLOCK
Client Name and Logo
(Also, Contractor)
Location (Address)
Drawing Subject Information
Sequential Drawing Number
Revision Description
REVISION
LOG
Revision/s are generally issued at
different stages of development
Each Stage is more complete than
the preceding stage
Typical Stages:
- Issue for Client Review (IFR)
- Issue for HAZOP (IFH)
- Issue for Design (IFD)
- Issue for Construction (IFC)
NOTES
When there are special, specific
and important notes that needs to
be added in the P&ID, then we
should place those in this section.
REFERENCE
DRAWING LIST
When we need to refer to other
documents (piping isometrics,
etc.)
Sometimes, these are included in
the notes.
INCOMING
STREAM
ARROWS
All input streams going into the
specific unit in this page.
- Process
- Utilities
- Instrument signal, etc.
OUTGOING
STREAM
ARROWS
All output streams going out from
a specific unit in this page.
- Process
- Utilities
- Instrument signal, etc.
STATIONARY
EQUIPMENT
TITLE BLOCKS
ROTATING
EQUIPMENT
TITLE BLOCKS
STATIONARY
EQUIPMENT
SYMBOLS
Ensure that project specific legend
sheet, that is, the specific symbol
of a certain unit must be placed.
ROTATING
EQUIPMENT
SYMBOLS
Ensure that project specific legend
sheet, that is, the specific symbol
of a certain unit must be placed.
Piping and
Instruments
Addition of:
1. Primary Lines
2. Secondary Lines
3. Manual valves and piping
components
4. Instruments and control signals
P&ID Symbols
Line
Symbols
For Chemical Engineers we always
check the following:
1. Process lines
2. Utility lines
3. Insulation, jacketing and heat
tracing
4. Instrument lines (e.g.
instrument impulse/signal,
pneumatic impulse, etc.)
Valve
Symbols
1. Valves such as
◦ Gate
◦ Globe
◦ Ball
◦ Butterfly
◦ Check

2. Safety devices such as PSVs

(Pressure safety valve)
What’s the difference?
Control Valves
Actuator
Symbols
Control valves are used to control fluid
flow by varying the opening of the valves
as directed by a signal from a controller.
Control valves are made up of the
actuator, Positioner and the valve body.
Actuators are actually what makes the
valve moves/operate without the need
for operator physical contact.

1. Motor operated
2. Pneumatically actuated (air)
3. Hydraulically actuated
 Line Fittings
Symbol
These are common pipe symbols,
and we should never leave this out
in the P&ID.

E.g.
Concentric reducer tells us that
there is a size reduction along the
pipe. Like from 6” to 4”. This
information is important during
hydraulics calculation, and in
construction for piping and civil
engineers.
Process
Equipment
Symbol
Each equipment in the facility is
represented on the P&ID using the
designated symbols.

These are common symbols used,

and can be different from one
company to another. Or even from
one unit to another in the same
company.
Process
Equipment
Symbol
These are common symbols used,
and can be different from one
company to another. Or even from
one unit to another in the same
company.
Process
Equipment
Symbol
These are common symbols used,
and can be different from one
company to another. Or even from
one unit to another in the same
company.
 Equipment
Notation
P&IDs and PFDs generally utilize
the same notation for equipment.

Table 1.2 from reference 3.

General
Instrument
Function
Symbols
General Instrument
Function Symbols
Discrete instruments are instruments separate or detached
from other instruments in a process.
Shared display, shared control instruments share functions
with other instruments.
Instruments that are controlled by computers are under the
"computer function" category.
Instruments that compute, relay, or convert information from
data gathered from other instruments are under the
"Programmable logic control" section.
General Instrument Function Symbols

A primary instrument is an instrument that functions by itself and doesn't depend on another
instrument.
A field mounted instrument is an instrument that is physically in the field, or the plant. Field
mounted instruments are not accessible to an operator in a control room.
An auxiliary instrument is an instrument that aids another primary or auxiliary instrument.
Primary and auxiliary instruments are accessible to operators in a control room.
TRANSMITT
ER
SYMBOLS
INSTRUMENT CONVENTION
PER ISA STANDARDS
 Fluid Service
Notation
The type of fluid within each pipe
or system can be identified by
using designated fluid service
notations.
Fluid service notations vary for
each plant, project or facility.
Fluid service notations are assigned
for all fluids including process
streams (e.g., natural gas, liquid
hydrocarbons, etc.) and utilities
(e.g. low pressure steam, cooling
Table from reference 3.
water, wastewater, etc.)
Image from reference 3.
Image from reference 3.
Piping Designation
 LINE CODES
Example
From:
Piping & Instrument Diagrams (aic
he.org)
Line Code
 Size
 Service
 Material of Construction or Piping Specification
 Insulation
Line Code
Examples
SIZE Nominal Diameter, e.i. 2”
FLUID SERVICE Methanol product : “P“ – then specific line number: e.i. 100
If Cooling water: “CW”
MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION e.i. PVC, 316 SS

Company Spec:
For PVC plastic the code is: PP1
INSULATION e.i. Thickness (inches or mm), e.g. 1”

F (Fiberglass)
IN 9 (Project spec for Calcium Silicate System)
TOTAL LINE CODE
2”-P100-PP1-1”F
2” diameter, PVC plastic pipe in methanol system product service insulated with 1” fiberglass insulation.
Summary of Part 2
 Line Symbol
 Equipment Symbol
 Instrument function and symbol
 Pipe or line code
Tools
BLUEBEAM REVU
Tools
Smartdraw
- online
Tools
SmartPlant P&ID
PART 3
CONVENTIONS IN CONSTRUCTING PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAMS (P&IDs)
 General
Conventions in
Constructing
P&ID
 This should also be checked with
the standardized format that we
mentioned/discussed in Part 2.

Table 1.9 from reference 3.

Layout
 P&IDs are conceptual drawings.
 It should be noted that P&IDs do not specifically imply the following: same elevation of
equipment, relative sizes, where valves are located on the equipment, how close equipment is
to each other, and impeller types/location.
 Presentation should reflect reality as much as possible.
 Must be clear and uncluttered
Image 1

Layout
Which of the two (2) images best show
Image 2 reality?
Image 1

Layout
Which of the two (2) images shows clarity?
Image 2
Equipment Setup

P&IDs are standardized in Lacking these

many ways, and there are considerations of the
some fundamental design design could lead to
and safety features that serious safety concerns,
are absolute requirements and other engineering
for all P&IDs. problems.
 Equipment
Image 1 Setup – Valves
and Pump
• Valves are the most used pieces
of process equipment.
• Valves control the flow of fluid
Image 2 through the pipes by opening to
allow flow or closing to stop flow.
• Which of the two images is
showing the correct setup?
Equipment
Setup - Isolation
Valves
• The isolation valve is used to
isolate a portion from the system
when inspection, repair or
maintenance is required.
• Placed around the junctions in
the distribution system
Centrifugal
Pump Setup
• Note that the pump symbol may
not always be like as shown.
 Equipment
Image 1 Setup – Vessels
and Agitators

• Which of the two images is

Image 2
showing the correct setup?
Equipment
Setup – Safety
• For example, this is a process
vessel or reactor, how do we
ensure that we protect the
system?
Equipment
Setup – Safety
• Safety valves are essentials valve
systems.
• Engineers should be aware of the
system’s/equipment set pressure,
relief pressure, percent
overpressure, maximum allowable
working pressure (MAWP), etc.
Vessel/
Separator
Setup
• What else do you see?
 Equipment
Steam
Setup – Heat
Exchanger
•What important parameter do we
Feed Product usually check in heat exchanger?

•What influence the parameter that

Condensate we are checking?

•What specific controller do we use?

 Equipment
Steam
Setup – Heat
Exchanger
•What important parameter do we
Feed Product usually check in heat exchanger?

•What influence the parameter that

Condensate we are checking?

•What specific controller do we use?

 Shell and Tube
Steam
Heat Exchanger
Setup
•Notice also the pressure safety valve
Feed Product at the heat exchanger.

Condensate
Equipment
Setup - Control
Valve
• What do you call this setup?

• Why do we have this setup?

If we understand. . .
The tank contains a level controller at a set point on the top of the tank. If this tank were to fill,
materials would get clogged up in the reactor. Therefore, if the tank reaches 90% of its total
capacity, the level controller will send an electric signal, which opens an emergency drainage
line located at the bottom of the tank. The level controller will also activate an alarm alerting
plant engineers that there is a problem with the storage tank. Finally, the level controller will
also close the inlet valve to the storage tank.
Same answer?
Storage Tank
Setup
• Notes that there are also different
kinds of storage tanks that would
cater to different fluid service.

• What do you notice of the valve

in the inlet stream?
If we understand. . . What do the
following symbols
indicate?
If we understand. . .
Determine all the
Errors in the section
of a P&ID shown.
PART 4
WORKSHOP
 If we understand. . .
Problem 1. Draw a section of a P&ID diagram for a vessel receiving a process liquid through an insulated 4-in schedule-40 pipe.
The purpose of the vessel is to store approximately 5 minutes of liquid volume and to provide “capacity” for a feed pump
connected to the bottom of the pump using a 6-in schedule-40 pipe. The diagram should include the following features:
a. The vessel is numbered V-1402 and the pump(s) are P-1407 A/B.
b. The discharge side of the pump is made of 4-in schedule-40 carbon steel pipe and all pipe is insulated.
c. A control valve is located in the discharge line of the pump, and a double block and bleed arrangement is used
d. Both pumps and vessel have isolation (gate) valves.
e. The pumps should be equipped with drain lines that discharge to a chemical sewer.
f. The vessel is equipped with local pressure and temperature indicators.
g. The vessel has a pressure-relief valve set to 50 psig that discharges to a flare system.
h. The tank has a drain valve and a sampling valve, both of which are connected to the tank through separate 2-in schedule-40 CS
lines.
i. The tank level is used to control the flow of liquid out of the tank by adjusting the setting of the control valve on the discharge
side of the pump. The instrumentation should contain all important loop components (element, etc.).
If we understand. . .
Problem 2.
A Plant that uses a transesterification process to produce biodiesel. Soybean oil, methanol, and
the sodium methoxide catalyst are pumped in to the reactor. The temperature of the reactor is
regulated by the circulation water. The resulting biodiesel is then pumped out of the reactor and
goes on to other processes so that it can be sold.

* Add other details as needed, but provide rationale. Use the generic convention in constructing
the P&ID.
PROBLEM 2
Answer
References
1. Piping & Instrument Diagrams (aiche.org) – Barry M. Barkel
2. Slide 1 (aiche.org) – Ford, Bacon & Davis (Art of the P&ID)
3. Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes (Turton, et. Al)
4. 4: Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams - Engineering LibreTexts
5. Interpreting Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams | AIChE
6. https://vdocument.in/pip-pic001-pid.html?page=17
7. Fundamentals of Industrial Instrumentation and Process Control
8. Ludwig’s Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants