UNIT-1

INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS

K Kiranmai
Roll No: 24EG304A09
Anurag University
INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS

Evolution of Internet of Things – Enabling Technologies – IoT Architectures:

oneM2M, IoT World Forum (IoTWF) and Alternative IoT Models – Simplified IoT

Architecture and Core IoT Functional Stack – Fog, Edge and Cloud in IoT
What is IOT?
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical objects or "things" embedded with
electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity that allow these objects to collect
and exchange data.

(Or)

IoT stands for Internet of Things. It refers to the interconnected of physical devices, such as
appliances and vehicles, that are embedded with software, sensors, and connectivity which
enables these objects to connect and exchange data. This technology allows for the
collection and sharing of data from a vast network of devices, creating opportunities for
more efficient and automated systems.
Example of IOT

 A light bulb can be switched on/off from miles away using a mobile device is
an example of an IoT device.

 A motion sensor inside an office combined with a thermostat and a display

which provides temperature, ambient lighting and presence inside a conference
room at regular intervals is another example of an IoT device.
History of IOT
 Why IoT?
 With the development of technologies like M2M (machine-to-machine
communication) and widespread of Internet, communication over long distance became
possible.

 This useful exchange of information across the globe with minimal human
intervention led to an innovative concept called Internet of Things (IoT) where
objects represent themselves as a digitally forming large network of connected
devices that can communicate over the internet.
Components comprising IoT
 IoT Hardware – These include sensors, micro-controller devices for control, servers,
an edge or gateway.

 IoT software – It includes mobile and web applications that are responsible for
data collection, device integration, real-time analysis and application and process extension.
• Sensors and Actuators: Sensing devices (thermostat,
microphone) which interact with the environment and an actuator
(Electric motor) for turning energy into motion.
• Connectivity or Gateway: A communication channel
through which devices can communicate and share information.
• Analytics: Data coming from devices and sensors is
converted into a format that is easy to read and process.
• Cloud: IoT generates a lot of data and cloud platform allows
us to store and process the IoT data received.
•Artificial Intelligence: Automation and artificial intelligence
provide
better control over the system and help us achieve the real potential of
technology.
•User Interface: IoT provides a visible interface that can be
easily
IoT Lifecycle

 Collect: The life cycle of IoT starts with collecting data from different sources deployed in a particular region.
These sources could be any sensors or device capable of transmitting data connected to a gateway. Data
are efficiently collected and passed forward through a communication channel for analysis.
 Communicate: This phase involves secure and reliable transfer of data. Routers, switches and firewall
technologies play a vital role in establishing communication between devices. The Data is sent to the cloud or
other data centers using the internet which is our major means of communication in IoT.
 Analysis: This phase is an important part of the IoT lifecycle. In this phase data collected from different sensor
devices are collected and analysed based on the use case to extract some useful output/information.
 Action: This is the final stage of IoT lifecycle. Information obtained by the analysis of sensor data is acted upon
and proper actions and measures are taken based on the analysis result.
IoT Applications
IoT Applications
IoT Applications Ex:
IoT Applications Ex:
IoT Applications Ex:
The Evolution of Internet of Things
The world is the index

• The world is the index that we will use to classify and identify the things that surround
us.
• For example, the photos that we take have ever more frequently the location of the photographer and the

photos can be organized according to using Google Earth14.

location
Take the world on line

• The things that are surrounding us can have an information shadow on the Internet.

• The radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, devices that contain chips that can be read by nearby
sensors for example the Champion chip

• Domestic animals can wear RFID collars that are recognized by doors that can open to let them enter.
Take control of the world
 The world around us can talk to us and tell us its needs.
 To monitor any object connected to the Internet there’s a platform called Pachube that makes it possible for
sensors connected to the Internet to send data about themselves and make them viewable in different ways that
can be over time and according to place, but above all to trigger actions when certain values are reached (for
example, to open a window when a certain temperature is reached).

Let the things talk to each other

 Objects can interact with each other to exchange and integrate data, to trigger
actions and to integrate how they work together.
 Even plants can signal their needs. In fact, with Botanicalls, plants
can communicate on Twitter when they need watering and the
communication can go
to a sprinkler system connected to the Internet.
IoT Enabling Technologies
Wireless Sensor Network
 Distributed Devices with sensors used to monitor the environmental and physical conditions.
or
 It is a network formed by large no. of sensor nodes to detect
light, heat, pressure ect.
Used to monitor environmental and physical conditions.
 Each Node can have several sensors attached to it.
 Each node can also act as a routers.
 Coordinator collects data from all nodes
 Coordinator acts as gateway that connect WSN to the internet.
Applications of WSN
• Internet of Things (IoT)
• Surveillance and Monitoring for security, threat
detection.
• Environmental temperature, humidity, and air
pressure.
• Noise Level of the surrounding.
• Medical applications like patient monitoring.
• Agriculture.
• Landslide Detection
Cloud Computing
• cloud computing is the delivery of computing services—including servers, storage, databases,
networking, software, analytics, and intelligence—over the internet (“the cloud”) to offer
faster innovation, flexible resources, and economies of scale.

There are also three main types of cloud computing services:

 Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS),

 Platforms-as-a-Service (PaaS),

 Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
Big Data analytics
Collection of data whose Volume,Velocity or variety is too large and difficult to store, manage,

process and analyze the data using traditional databases.

Communication protocols
• Back bone of IOT systems
• Allows devices to exchange data over
networks
• Define data exchange formats
• Data encoding
• Addressing schemes
• Routing of packets from source to
destination.

• Other functions
• Sequence of control ( ordering data packets)
• Flow Control ( controlling transfer rate)
• Transmission of lost packets
The One M2M Iot Standardized
Architecture
 Tostandardize the rapidly growing field of machine-to-
machine (M2M) communications
 Common architecture that would help accelerate the adoption
of M2M applications and devices.
 OneM2M’s framework focuses on IoT services, applications, and
platforms. These include smart metering applications, smart
grid,
smart city automation, e-health, and connected vehicles
The Main Elements of the oneM2M IoT
Architecture
 Applications layer

 The oneM2M architecture gives major attention to connectivity between devices

and their applications.

 This domain includes the application-layer protocols and attempts to

standardize

northbound API definitions for interaction with business intelligence (BI) systems.

 Applications tend to be industry-specific and have their own sets of data models, and

thus they are shown as vertical entities.

Services layer
 Include the physical network that the IoT applications run on, the underlying management

protocols, and the hardware.

 Adds APIs and middleware supporting third-party services and applications.

Network layer
 This is the communication domain for the IoT devices and endpoints.

 It includes the devices themselves and the communications network that links them.

 Embodiments of this communications infrastructure include wireless mesh technologies, such as

IEEE 802.15.4, and wireless point-to-multipoint systems, such as IEEE 801.11ah.

 Also included are wired device connections, such as IEEE 1901 power line communications.
 The IoT World Forum (IoTWF) Standardized
Architecture
The IoT World Forum (IoTWF) Standardized Architecture is a set of rules that enable those who deal with the Internet of
Things (IoT) to accomplish their jobs better. These recommendations were developed in 2014 by a consortium of large
corporations, including Cisco and IBM.
 Defines a set of levels with control flowing from the center (this could be either a cloud service or a dedicated data
center), to the edge, which includes sensors, devices, machines, and other types of intelligent end nodes.
 In general, data travels up the stack, originating from the edge, and goes northbound to the center.
 Decompose the IoT problem into smaller parts
 Identify different technologies at each layer and how they relate to one another
 Define a system in which different parts can be provided by different vendors
 Have a process of defining interfaces that leads to interoperability
 Define a tiered security model that is enforced at the transition points between levels
 Layer 1: Physical Devices and Controllers Layer
• This layer is home to the “things” in the Internet of Things, including the various endpoint devices and sensors that
send and receive information.
• The size of these “things” can range from almost microscopic sensors to giant machines in a factory.
• Their primary function is generating data and being capable of being queried and/or controlled over a network.

Layer 2: Connectivity Layer

 Reliable and timely transmission of data.
 This includes transmissions between Layer 1 devices and the network and between the network and information
processing that occurs at Layer 3 (the edge computing layer).
Layer 3: Edge Computing
Layer
The emphasis is on data reduction and converting network data flows into information that
is ready for storage and processing by higher layers.

 Information processing is initiated as early and as close to the edge of the network as possible
Upper Layers: Layers 4–7
 The upper layers deal with handling and processing the IoT data generated by the bottom
layer.
Alternative IoT models
A Simplified IoT
Architecture
An IoT framework that highlights the fundamental building blocks that are common to most IoT
•
systems and which is intended to help you in designing an IoT network.
• Presented as two parallel stacks.
Fog Computing
 To distribute data management throughout the IoT system, as close to the edge of the IP network as possible.
 The best-known. embodiment of edge services in IoT is fog computing. Any device with computing, storage, and
network connectivity can be a fog node. Examples include industrial controllers, switches, routers, embedded servers,
and IoT gateways.
 AnalyzingIoT data close to where it is collected minimizes latency, offloads gigabytes of network traffic from the
core network,
A real-life example of fog computing would be an embedded application on a production line, where a temperature
sensor connected to an edge server would measure the temperature every single second. This data would then be
forwarded to the cloud application for monitoring of temperature.
An advantage of this structure is that the fog node allows intelligence gathering
(such as analytics) and control from the closest possible point, and in doing so, it
allows better performance over constrained networks.
Edge Computing
 The natural place for a fog node is in the network device that sits closest to the IoT endpoints, and these
nodes are typically spread throughout an IoT network.

 However, in recent years, the concept of IoT computing has been pushed even further to the edge, and
in some cases it now resides directly in the sensors and IoT devices.

 Edge computing is also sometimes called “mist” computing.

 If clouds exist in the sky, and fog sits near the ground, then mist is what actually sits on the ground.
 Thus, the concept of mist is to extend fog to the furthest point possible, right into the IoT endpoint device
itself.
 IoT devices and sensors often have constrained resources, however, as compute capabilities increase.
 Some new classes of IoT endpoints have enough compute capabilities to perform at least low-level
analytics and filtering to make basic decisions.