Soft Computing UNIT -I

Introduction to Soft Computing

4th Semester CSE (AR-23)

1 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

Soft Computing Lecture -1

Outline of the Lecture

 Introduction of Fuzzy Logic

 Crisp Set Theory

 Fuzzy Set Theory

2 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

Soft Computing Fuzzy Logic
 Fuzzy logic was first developed by L.A. Zadeh in the mid-1960s
for representing some types of “approximate” knowledge that
cannot be represented by conventional, crisp methods.
 In the crisp Boolean logic, truth is represented by the state 1 and
false by the state 0. Boolean algebra and crisp logic have no
provision for approximate reasoning.
 Fuzzy logic is an extension of crisp bivalent (two-state) logic in
the sense that it provides a platform for handling approximate
knowledge.
 Fuzzy logic is based on fuzzy set theory, A fuzzy set is
represented by a membership function.
 A particular “element” value in the range of definition of the fuzzy
set will have a grade of membership which gives the degree to
which the particular element belongs to the set.
3 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025
Soft Computing Fuzzy Logic

Fuzzy Logic
Fuzzy logic (FL) is an essential component of soft computing.
FL is a mathematical language to express something which is
meaningful to others.
Like FL, there are some other mathematical languages:
Relational algebra
Boolean logic
Predicate logic or algebra
Fuzzy Set/Algebra
So FL essentially combined the different algebra like: Relational
Algebra + Boolean Algebra + Predicate Algebra

4 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

Soft Computing Fuzzy Set Theory

Fuzzy:
Dictionary meaning of fuzzy is Not Clear, Noisy etc.
Ex: is the picture on this slide is CLEAR/FUZZY
Ex: image is NOISY/FUZZY
Ex: when we distinguish the regions / circle of boundary regards
separation clearly/not clear/fuzzyly

Antonym of fuzzy is CRISP

Ex: when we distinguish the regions / circle of boundary strongly
which easily distinguish regions clearly then boundary is crisp
Ex: are the chips CRISP?

5 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

Soft Computing Crisp Logic

Crisp Logic Vs Fuzzy Logic :

Yes / No

CRISP ANSWER

True / False

Here, If we ask something and answer to that question and if it has the
clear meaning then we can say answer has Crisp answer. Usually
express either Yes/No or True /False.

6 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

Soft Computing Crisp Logic

Fuzzy Logic Vs Crisp Logic:

Here, we have to identify a liquid (milk, water, coca, sprite) if the

question is: is liquid colorless?
Ans: Yes / No [Crisp Answer]

MILK YES
WATER
A Liquid CRISP
COCA
SPRITE NO

Is liquid
colorless?

7 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

Soft Computing Fuzzy Logic

Fuzzy Logic Vs Crisp Logic:

• Here, is the person is Honest? All answer for question seems to
be correct and acceptable / rejectable.
Extreme
Note: Answer to Crisp is either 100 / 0 Honest
But answer to Fuzzy is between 100 to 0.
Very
Ankit Honest
Rajesh
Honest
Santosh Fuzzy
at Time
Kabita
Salmon
Dishonest

Is person Extremely
honest ? Dishonest

8 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

 Soft Computing Fuzzy Logic

Fuzzy Logic Vs Crisp Logic:

Identify the Fuzzy / Crisp.

World is better describe FUZZYLLY.
Is CAR CLOSE?
How is WEATHER today?
Roll number 19CSE001 is male.
Grade of students.
Result of students.
GIETU is an University?

9 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

 Soft Computing Fuzzy Set Theory

Fuzzy System(FS):-
If we describe a system in the way of Fuzzy decides then the system is
called FUZZY SYSTEM.
FS contains:
Fuzzy Elements
Fuzzy Sets (One or more fuzzy elements)
Fuzzy Rules ( Many fuzzy sets connected)
Fuzzy Implications (Many fuzzy rules)

10 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

 Soft Computing Crisp Set Theory

Crisp Set(CS):-
Ex: X = CS and denotes entire population of India
H = Another set denotes all Hindu population
M = Another set denotes all Muslim population

Universe of discourse X

H
M

Here, all are the sets of finite numbers of individuals. Such a set called
Crisp Set. And X is universe of discourse (region)

11 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

 Soft Computing Fuzzy Set Theory

Fuzzy Set (FS):

Let us discuss about fuzzy set.
Ex:
X = All students in IT60108.
S = All Good students.
S = {(s, g) | s X and g(s) is a measurement of goodness of the student
s.
Example:
S = {(Rajat, 0.8), (Kabita, 0.7), (Salman, 0.1), (Ankit, 0.9)} etc.

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 Soft Computing Fuzzy Set Theory

Fuzzy Set (FS):-

Otherwise :
Salman if he is good student, then Ankit also a good student but
Salman being a good student his score is 0.1 and Ankit his score is 0.9.
So, the difference between two is basically how they have their own
membership values that means 0.1, 0.9 etc. at the end but all them
belongs to good student.
Although Salman may score less and Ankit may score highest here, all
belongs to good student.

13 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

 Soft Computing Crisp & Fuzzy Set

NOTES :
A crisp set is a fuzzy set but a fuzzy set is not crisp set.
In fuzzy set membership value is mentioned between 0 & 1 both
inclusive.
In case of crisp set the elements are with extreme values of degree of
membership namely either 1/0
Crisp Set Fuzzy Set
1. S = {s | s X} 1. F = (s, μ) | s X and μ(s) is the
2. It is a collection of elements. degree of s.
3. Inclusion of an element s X 2. It is collection of ordered
into S is crisp, that is, has strict pairs.
boundary yes or no. 3. Inclusion of an element s X into
F is fuzzy, that is, if present, then
with a degree of
membership.
14 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025
 Soft Computing Fuzzy Membership

Degree of Membership:
The way through which membership value can be decided and who
can decide these membership values for each element belongs to fuzzy
set.
How to decide the degree of memberships of elements in a fuzzy set?

City Bangalore Bombay Hyderabad Kharagpur Madras Delhi

DoM 0.95 0.90 0.80 0.01 0.65 0.75

How the cities of comfort can be judged?

So once we normalize population feedback and opinion into the values
into this then it gives us fuzzy value.

15 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

 Soft Computing Fuzzy & Crisp Degree of Membership

Degree of Membership:
Example: How Course evaluation in Crisp / Fuzzy Way?

Crisp Graph

Fuzzy Graph

16 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

 Soft Computing Examples of Fuzzy Set

 High Temperature
 Low Pressure
 Colour of Apple
 Sweetness of Orange
 Weight of Mango
 Note: Degree of membership values lie in the range [0...1].

17 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

 Soft Computing Basic Terminology & Notation

Definition 1: Membership function (and Fuzzy set)

If X is a universe of discourse and x X, then a fuzzy set A in X is
defined as a set of ordered pairs, that is
A = {(x, A(x)) | x X} where μA(x) is called the membership function
for the fuzzy set A.

Note:
A(x) map each element of X onto a membership grade (or membership
value) between 0 and 1 (both inclusive).

Question:
How (and who) decides μA(x) for a Fuzzy set A in X?

18 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

 Soft Computing Discrete Membership Values

Example:
X = All cities in India
A = City of comfort
A={(New Delhi, 0.7), (Bangalore, 0.9), (Chennai, 0.8), (Hyderabad,
0.6), (Kolkata, 0.3), (Kharagpur, 0)}

The membership values may be of discrete values.

A fuzzy set with discrete value of μ

19 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025
 Soft Computing Discrete Membership Values

Either elements or their membership values (or both) also may be of

discrete values.
A ={(0,0.1),(1,0.30),(2,0.78)……(10,0.1)}
Note : X = discrete value

Number of children (X)

How you measure happiness ??
A = “Happy family”

20 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

 Soft Computing Continuous Membership Values

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 Soft Computing Support

Support: The support of a fuzzy set A is the set of all points x X

such that μA(x) > 0

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 Soft Computing Core

Core: The core of a fuzzy set A is the set of all points x in X such that
μA(x) = 1

23 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

 Soft Computing Normality

Normality : A fuzzy set A is a normal if its core is non-empty. In other

words, we can always find a point x X such that μA(x) = 1.

24 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

 Soft Computing Crossover Point

Crossover point : A crossover point of a fuzzy set A is a point x X at

which μA(x) = 0.5.
That is Crossover (A) = {x| μA (x) = 0.5}.

25 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

 Soft Computing Singleton

Fuzzy Singleton : A fuzzy set whose support is a single point in X

with μA(x) = 1 is called a fuzzy singleton.
That is |A| = {x | μA(x) = 1}.

26 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

 Soft Computing α – cut and strong α – cut

α-cut and strong α-cut :

The α-cut of a fuzzy set A is a crisp set defined by

Aα = { x | μA(x) α }

Strong α-cut is defined similarly :

A'α = { x | μA(x) > α }

Note : Support(A) = A'0 and Core(A) = A1.

27 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

 Soft Computing Convexity

Convexity : A fuzzy set A is convex if and only if for any x 1 and x2 X

and any λ [0, 1]
μA(λ x1 + (1 - λ)x2) min(μA(x1), μA(x2))

Note :
A is convex if all its α - level sets are convex.
Convexity (Aα) → Aα is composed of a single line segment only.

28 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

 Soft Computing Bandwidth

Bandwidth :
For a normal and convex fuzzy set, the bandwidth (or width) is
defined as the distance the two unique crossover points:
Bandwidth (A) = | x1 - x2 | where μA(x1) = μA(x2) = 0.5

29 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

 Soft Computing Symmetry

Symmetry :
A fuzzy set A is symmetric if its membership function around a
certain point x = c, namely μA(x + c) = μA(x - c) for all x X.

30 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

 Soft Computing Open and Closed

A fuzzy set A is
Open left
If = 1 and = 0
Open right:
If = 0 and = 1
Closed
If = = 0

31 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

 Soft Computing Fuzzy vs. Probability

Fuzzy Logic: Fuzzy logic deals with ambiguity and vagueness. When
we say about certainty of a thing.

Example: A patient come to the doctor and he has to diagnose so that

medicine can be prescribed. Doctor prescribed a medicine with
certainty 60% that the patient is suffering from flue. So, the disease
will be cured with certainty of 60% and uncertainty 40%. Here, in
stead of flue, other diseases with some other certainties may be.

Probability: Probability deals with uncertainty and likelihood. When

we say about the chance of an event to occur

Example: India will win the T20 tournament with a chance 60%
means that out of 100 matches, India own 60 matches.

32 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

 Soft Computing Fuzzy vs. Probability

 A bottle of liquid has a probability of

½ of being rat poison and ½ of being
pure water.
1

 A second bottle’s contents, in the

fuzzy set of liquids containing lots of
rat poison, is ½.
2

 The meaning of ½ for the two bottles clearly differs significantly

and would impact your choice should you be dying of thirst.
 50% probability means 50% chance that the water is clean.
 50% fuzzy membership means that the water has poison.

33 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

 Soft Computing Prediction vs. Forecasting

The Fuzzy vs. Probability is analogical to Prediction vs. Forecasting

Prediction : When you start guessing about things.

Forecasting : When you take the information from the past job and
apply it to new job.

The main difference:

Prediction is based on the best guess from experiences.

Forecasting is based on data you have actually recorded and packed

from previous job.

34 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025

 Soft Computing Question Answer Session

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 Soft Computing

36 Department of CSE, GIET University, Gunupur Thursday, February 27, 2025