CHAPTER 2
Input,
Processing
, and
Output
Introduction to Turtle
Graphics
• Python's turtle graphics system displays a
small cursor known as a turtle.
• You can use Python statements to move
the turtle around the screen, drawing lines
and shapes.
Introduction to Turtle
Graphics
• To use the turtle graphics system, you
must import the turtle module with this
statement:
import turtle
This loads the turtle module into
memory
Showing Turtle Graphics
Window
turtle.showturtle()
Moving the Turtle Forward
• Use the turtle.forward(n) statement
to move the turtle forward n pixels.
import turtle
turtle.forward(100)
Turning the Turtle
• The turtle's initial heading is 0 degrees
(east)
• Use the turtle.right(angle)
statement to turn the turtle right by
angle degrees.
• Use the turtle.left(angle) statement
to turn the turtle left by angle degrees.
Turning the Turtle
import turtle
turtle.forward(100)
turtle.left(90)
turtle.forward(100)
Turning the Turtle
import turtle
turtle.forward(100)
turtle.right(45)
turtle.forward(100)
Setting the Turtle's Heading
• Use the turtle.setheading(angle)
statement to set the turtle's heading to a
specific angle.
import turtle
turtle.forward(50)
turtle.setheading(90)
turtle.forward(100)
turtle.setheading(180)
turtle.forward(50)
turtle.setheading(270)
turtle.forward(100)
Setting the Pen Up or Down
• When the turtle's pen is down, the turtle draws a
line as it moves. By default, the pen is down.
• When the turtle's pen is up, the turtle does not
draw as it moves.
• Use the turtle.penup() statement to raise the
pen.
• Use the turtle.pendown() statement to lower
the pen.
Setting the Pen Up or Down
import turtle
turtle.forward(50)
turtle.penup()
turtle.forward(25)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.forward(50)
turtle.penup()
turtle.forward(25)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.forward(50)
Drawing Circles
• Use the turtle.circle(radius) statement to
draw a circle with a specified radius.
import turtle
turtle.circle(100)
Drawing Dots
• Use the turtle.dot() statement to draw a
simple dot at the turtle's current location.
import turtle
turtle.dot()
turtle.forward(50)
turtle.dot()
turtle.forward(50)
turtle.dot()
turtle.forward(50)
Changing the Pen Size and
Drawing Color
• Use the turtle.pensize(width) statement to
change the width of the turtle's pen, in pixels.
• Use the turtle.pencolor(color) statement to
change the turtle's drawing color.
• See Appendix D in your textbook for a complete list
of colors.
import turtle
turtle.pensize(5)
turtle.pencolor('red')
turtle.circle(100)
Working with the Turtle's
Window
• Use the turtle.bgcolor(color) statement to set the
window's background color.
• See Appendix D in your textbook for a complete list of colors.
• Use the turtle.setup(width, height) statement to
set the size of the turtle's window, in pixels.
• The width and height arguments are the width and height,
in pixels.
• For example, the following interactive session creates a
graphics window that is 640 pixels wide and 480 pixels high:
import turtle
turtle.setup(640, 480)
Resetting the Turtle's Window
• The turtle.reset() statement:
• Erases all drawings that currently appear in the graphics window.
• Resets the drawing color to black.
• Resets the turtle to its original position in the center of the screen.
• Does not reset the graphics window’s background color.
• The turtle.clear() statement:
• Erases all drawings that currently appear in the graphics window.
• Does not change the turtle's position.
• Does not change the drawing color.
• Does not change the graphics window’s background color.
• The turtle.clearscreen() statement:
• Erases all drawings that currently appear in the graphics window.
• Resets the drawing color to black.
• Resets the turtle to its original position in the center of the screen.
• Resets the graphics window’s background color to white.
Working with Coordinates
• The turtle uses Cartesian Coordinates
Moving the Turtle to a
Specific Location
• Use the turtle.goto(x, y) statement to
move the turtle to a specific location.
import turtle
turtle.goto(0, 100)
turtle.goto(−100, 0)
turtle.goto(0, 0)
• The turtle.pos() statement displays the turtle's current X,Y coordinates.
• The turtle.xcor() statement displays the turtle's current X coordinate and
the turtle.ycor() statement displays the turtle's current Y coordinate.
Animation Speed
• Use the turtle.speed(speed)
command to change the speed at which
the turtle moves.
• The speed argument is a number in the
range of 0 through 10.
• 10 is the fastest, 1 is the slowest
• If you specify 0, then the turtle will make all
of its moves instantly (animation is
disabled).
Hiding and Displaying the
Turtle
• Use the turtle.hideturtle()
command to hide the turtle.
• This command does not change the way
graphics are drawn, it simply hides the turtle
icon.
• Use the turtle.showturtle()
command to display the turtle.
Displaying Text
• Use the turtle.write(text) statement
to display text in the turtle's graphics
window.
• The text argument is a string that you want
to display.
• The lower-left corner of the first character
will be positioned at the turtle’s X and Y
coordinates
• To change font and font size use
• turtle.style(font_name,font_size)
Displaying Text
import turtle
turtle.write('Hello World')
turtle.style('courier',20)
Filling Shapes
• To fill a shape with a color:
• Use the turtle.begin_fill() command
before drawing the shape
• Then use the turtle.end_fill() command
after the shape is drawn.
• When the turtle.end_fill() command
executes, the shape will be filled with the
current fill color
Filling Shapes
import turtle
turtle.hideturtle()
turtle.fillcolor('red')
turtle.begin_fill()
turtle.circle(100)
turtle.end_fill()
