Alexander-Sadiku
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
Chapter 11
AC Power Analysis
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display.
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AC Power Analysis
Chapter 11
11.1 Instantaneous and Average Power
11.2 Maximum Average Power Transfer
11.3 Effective or RMS Value
11.4 Apparent Power and Power Factor
11.5 Complex Power
11.6 Conservation of AC Power
11.7 Power Factor Correction
11.8 Power Measurement
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11.1 Instantaneous and Average Power (1)
• Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy,
measured in watts (W).
dw dw dq
• Mathematical expression: p vi
dt dq dt
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11.1 Instantaneous and Average Power (2)
p (t ) v(t ) i (t ) Vm I m cos ( t v ) cos ( t i )
1 1
Vm I m cos ( v i ) Vm I m cos (2 t v i )
2 2
Constant power Sinusoidal power at 2t
p(t) > 0: power is absorbed by the circuit; p(t) < 0: power is absorbed by the source.
11.1 Instantaneous and Average Power (2)
The average power, P, is the average
of the instantaneous power over one period.
1. P is not time dependent.
1 T 1 2. When θv = θi , it is a purely
P
T
0
p (t ) dt Vm I m cos ( v i )
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resistive load case.
3. When θv– θi = ±90o, it is a
purely reactive load case.
4. P = 0 means that the circuit
absorbs no average power.
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Example
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Example
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Example
For the circuit shown in Fig., find the average power supplied by
the source and the average power absorbed by the resistor
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Example:
Determine the average power generated by each source and the average power
absorbed by each passive element in the circuit of Fig.
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11.1 Instantaneous and
Average Power (3)
Example 1
Calculate the instantaneous power and average
power absorbed by a passive linear network if:
v(t ) 80 cos (10 t 20 )
i (t ) 15 sin (10 t 60 )
Answer: 385.7 600cos(20t 10 )W, 387.5W
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11.1 Instantaneous and
Average Power (4)
Example 2
A current I 10 30 flows through an impedance
Z. 20the
Find 22average
Ω power delivered
to the impedance.
Answer: 927.2W
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11.2 Maximum Average Power
Transfer (1)
ZTH R TH j X TH
ZL R L j X L
The maximum average power
can be transferred to the load if
XL = –XTH and RL = RTH
2
VTH
Pmax
8 R TH
2 2
If the load is purely real, then R L R TH X TH ZTH
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11.2 Maximum Average Power Transfer (1)
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11.2 Maximum Average Power
Transfer (2)
Example 3
For the circuit shown below, find the load impedance ZL that
absorbs the maximum average power. Calculate that maximum
average power.
Answer: 3.415 – j0.7317, 1.429W
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Example: Determine the load impedance that
maximizes the average power drawn from the
circuit of Fig. What is the maximum average power?
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Example: In the circuit in Fig. find the
value of RLthat will absorb the maximum
average power. Calculate that power
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11.3 Effective or RMS Value (1)
The total power dissipated by R is given by:
1 T R T 2
0
2 2
P i Rdt i dt I rms R
T T 0
T
Hence, Ieff is equal to: I eff 1
dt I rms
2
i
T 0
The rms value is a constant itself which
depending on the shape of the function i(t).
The effective of a periodic current is the dc current that delivers the
same average power to a resistor as the periodic current. 20
11.3 Effective or RMS Value (2)
The rms value of a sinusoid i(t) = Imcos(t)
is given by:
2 Im
I rms
2
The average power can be written in terms of
the rms values:
1
I eff Vm I m cos (θ v θ i ) Vrms I rms cos (θ v θ i )
2
Note: If you express amplitude of a phasor source(s) in rms, then all the
answer as a result of this phasor source(s) must also be in rms value.
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11.4 Apparent Power and
Power Factor (1)
• Apparent Power, S, is the product of the r.m.s. values of
voltage and current.
• It is measured in volt-amperes or VA to distinguish it from
the average or real power which is measured in watts.
P Vrms I rms cos (θ v θ i ) S cos (θ v θ i )
Apparent Power, S Power Factor, pf
• Power factor is the cosine of the phase difference between
the voltage and current. It is also the cosine of the angle
of the load impedance.
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11.4 Apparent Power and
Power Factor (2)
Purely resistive θv– θi = 0, Pf = 1 P/S = 1, all power are
load (R) consumed
Purely reactive θv– θi = ±90o, P = 0, no real power
load (L or C) consumption
pf = 0
Resistive and θv – θ i > 0 • Lagging - inductive
reactive load load
(R and L/C)
θv – θ i < 0 • Leading - capacitive
load
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11.5 Complex Power (1)
Complex power S is the product of the voltage and the
complex conjugate of the current:
V Vm θ v I I m θ i
1
V I Vrms I rms θ v θ i
2
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11.5 Complex Power (2)
1
S V I Vrms I rms θ v θ i
2
S Vrms I rms cos (θ v θ i ) j Vrms I rms sin (θ v θ i )
S = P + j Q
P: is the average power in watts delivered to a load and it is
the only useful power.
Q: is the reactive power exchange between the source and
the reactive part of the load. It is measured in VAR.
•Q = 0 for resistive loads (unity pf).
•Q < 0 for capacitive loads (leading pf).
•Q > 0 for inductive loads (lagging pf). 25
11.5 Complex Power (3)
S Vrms I rmscos (θ v θ i ) j Vrms I rms sin (θ v θ i )
S = P + j Q
Apparent Power, S = |S| = Vrms*Irms = P2 Q2
Real power, P = Re(S) = S cos(θv – θi)
Reactive Power, Q = Im(S) = S sin(θv – θi)
Power factor, pf = P/S = cos(θv – θi)
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11.5 Complex Power (4)
S Vrms I rms cos (θ v θ i ) j Vrms I rms sin (θ v θ i )
S = P + j Q
Power Triangle Impedance Triangle Power Factor 27
11.6 Conservation of AC Power (1)
The complex real, and reactive powers of the sources
equal the respective sums of the complex, real, and
reactive powers of the individual loads.
For parallel connection:
1 1 * 1 1
S V I* V (I1 I*2 ) V I1* V I*2 S1 S2
2 2 2 2
The same results can be obtained for a series connection. 28
11.7 Power Factor Correction (1)
Power factor correction is the process of increasing the
power factor without altering the voltage or current to
the original load.
Power factor correction is necessary for economic reason. 29
11.7 Power Factor Correction (2)
Qc = Q 1 – Q 2
= P (tan θ1 - tan θ2)
= ωCV2rms
Q1 = S1 sin θ1 Qc P (tan θ1 tan θ 2 )
C 2
2
= P tan θ1 ωVrms ω Vrms
P = S1 cos θ1 Q2 = P tan θ2
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11.8 Power Measurement (1)
The wattmeter is the instrument for measuring the average
power.
The basic structure Equivalent Circuit with load
If v(t ) Vm cos(t v ) and i (t ) I m cos(t i )
P Vrms I rms cos (θ v θ i ) 12 Vm I m cos (θ v θ i )
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Find Vo in the network using Superposition
Theorem
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Relationship Between Current,
Power, and Voltage
Figure 1.2 below depicts the relationship between i, v,
and p, assuming that θv=60∘θv=60∘ and θi=0∘θi=0∘
The frequency of the instantaneous power is
twice the frequency of the current or
voltage. This depiction also follows from the
second two terms on the right side of Eq. 1.8.
This means that the instantaneous power
goes through two complete cycles for every
cycle of either the current or the voltage. If you
look at Fig. 1.2, the instantaneous power
can be negative for a portion of each cycle,
even if the network between the terminals is
passive.
In a passive network, this negative power
implies that the energy being stored
in the inductors or capacitors is now being
extracted. While the instantaneous power
varies with time in the sinusoidal steady-state of
a circuit, this causes some vibration
in some motor-driven appliances. Due to this
vibration in these appliances, resilient motor
mountings are required to reduce any
excessive vibration
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Find Vo using thevenin theorem
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