How do this Car Work?

How about this

Refrigerator
This Air Condition
This Electrical Power plant
QUESTIONS:
1. What is Heat
Energy? Work?
2. Is Work Related to
Heat Energy
3. Can Heat Energy
Converted to
Work? How?
These are the questions
that you will need to
understand and answer
at the end of the lesson.
TOPIC: Heat, Work and Energy
1. Heat Engines
2. Work- Energy Theorem
3. Efficiency (of the machines)
Objectives:
1. infer that heat transfer can be
used to do work, and that work
involves the release of heat.
2. explain why machines are never
100-percent efficient.
3. explain how heat transfer and
energy transformation make heat
engines like geothermal plants
work.
 Let
us
talk
about
THERMODYNAMICS
 What
is
THERMODYNAMICS?
 THERMODYNAMICS
is a branch of physics
that deals with the
study of;
a. energy and its transformation in
various systems,
(including gases, liquids, and solids.)
B. It explores the relationship
between heat, work, temperature
and energy.
APPLICATION:
1. in engineering
2. chemistry
3. biology, and other fields.
4. provides framework for
understanding and analyzing a wide
range of phenomena;
a. heat engines
b. phase transitions
c. chemical reactions
d. behavior of materials at different

temperature and pressure.

 THREE (3) LAWS OF
THERMODYNAMICS?
3rd Law: The Nernst Heat Theorem

- State that as the temperature

of a system approaches
absolute zero (0 Kelvin or -273
degree Celsius), The entropy of
a perfectly crystalline substance
becomes zero.
3rd Law: The Nernst Heat Theorem

IN SIMPLER TERMS,
- States that it is impossible to reach
absolute zero temperature because
as a substance cools down to
absolute zero, its entropy,
also approaches a minimum value
of zero.
3rd Law: The Nernst Heat Theorem

ENTROPY
- is a measure of a
systems disorder or
randomness.
 2 Law: Law of Entropy
nd

- In any isolated system, the

total entropy will remain
constant or increase
overtime.
 2 Law: Law of Entropy
nd

- This means heat cannot

spontaneously flow from a
colder object to hotter object.,
but from hotter object to
colder object.
 2 Law: Law of Entropy
nd

- The concept of
SPONTANEOUS HEAT
TRANSFER is ALLIGNED
with this law.
SPONTANEOUS HEAT PROCESS
- heat flows from higher
temperature to lower
temperature
it does not require any
external energy forces to
occur.
EXAMPLES
 Cooling of Coffee

(The heat
transfers from
hot liquid to cold
surrounding)
 2. Cooking
The heat
from the
stove
transfer to
the pot, then
to the food
 Room Heating

Where heat
flows from
the heater to
the
surroundings
 Body Heat Regulation
When the body gets to
warm, it perspire to
release heat through
evaporation, helping
cool you down. When
you feel cold your body
may shiver to generate
heat through muscle
contraction.
Refrigeration and
Air condition
- These devices
extract heat from
the interior space
and transfer it to
the outside , thus
cooling the interior
and maintaining a
lower temperature.
NON- SPONTANEOUS
HEAT PROCESS
-when heat flows from lower
temperature to
higher temperature it needs
mechanical energy
to occur.
NON- SPONTANEOUS
HEAT PROCESS

- are heat transfer that do not occur

naturally it
happens with the with the presence
of external
factors or intervention. It’s a reverse
process.
- These process require an input
of energy or work to overcome
the natural direction of heat
flow.
EXAMPLES
 1. Food Spoilage

in the absence of external force like preservation

methods and other specific environmental condition
there will be a flow of heat to the food causing
spoilage.
 2. Melting of Ice

The process requires input of heat energy to break the hydrogen

bond between water molecules and convert them from solid to liquid.
The process
requires energy
from sunlight to
convert carbon
dioxide and
water to glucose
and oxygen
Charging
Battery
Compressing
Gas
 1st Law: The Law of Energy
Conservation
- The first law of
thermodynamics is the
application of the conservation
of energy (Energy is neither
created nor destroyed)
 1st Law: The Law of Energy
Conservation

•Mathematically:
 QUESTIONS:
1. Heat Energy is a form of energy
associated with the motion and
vibration of particles within a
substance. It is transferred from
1 region of higher temperature
to a region of lower
temperature through
mechanism like conduction,
convection and radiation.
Work?
 QUESTIONS:
1. Work refer to energy transfer that
occur during 1 mechanical process
or system. It is an important
concept in understanding the
relationship between energy, heat
and the state of the system. In
thermodynamics system is plays a
crucial role in processes such as
heat engines, power generation,
and energy transfer.
(1st Law of Thermodynamics)
QUESTIONS:
2. Is Work Related to
Heat Energy?
Yes . The 1st law of thermodynamics
also known as the law of
conservation of energy, states that
the change in the internal energy of
a system is equal to the heat added
to the system minus the work done
by the system. This emphasizes the
relationship between work and heat
energy and their contributions to the
over-all energy balance of a system.
 QUESTIONS:
3. Can Heat Energy
Converted to Work?
How?
Yes. Heat energy can be
converted into work
through the operation of
heat engine.
 QUESTIONS:
4. What is Heat engine?
Is a device that takes in
heat energy from a high
temperature source ,
convert portion of that
heat energy into work, and
then releases the
remaining heat energy to 1
low temperature sink.
QUESTIONS:

5. What are the

machines that works
based on the 1 and
st

2nd law of
thermodynamics?
 Heat Engines
1. Internal Combustion engines by converting heat
energy to mechanical work
1st Law of Thermodynamics- They conserved
energy and balance the heat input and work output.

2nd Law of Thermodynamics- by operating a cyclic

manner and following the restrictions imposed on
heat transfer and energy conversion.
Heat Engine – is a device that
changes thermal energy into
mechanical work
a. Internal Combustion Engine-
are engines where combustions
takes place inside the engine
chamber.
Example: Gasoline, Diesel.
B. External Combustion
Engine- are engines where
the fuel combustion takes
place outside the engine.
Example: Steam, Piston
Refrigeration and
Airconditioning.
Air Condition
 Refrigeration and Airconditioning.
1st Law of Thermodynamics
They transfer heat from a low temperature
region (Cooling space) to a high temperature
region (external environment) using mechanical
work. These system conserved energy and
ensure that the work input is sufficient to
accomplished the heat transfer.
1.
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
by moving heat against the natural direction of
heat flow and maintaining the over-all entropy
increase of the universe.
 Heat Pumps/Heater
are similar to air condition but warms the
environment instead of cooling it. They transfer
heat from a low temperature source ( such as
outdoor air or the ground) to a higher
temperature space ( such as a building interior)
1st Law of Thermodynamics
conserving energy and 1.utilizing work input to
achieve the desired heat transfer.
1st Law of Thermodynamics
moving heat from a colder to a hotter region,
contrary to a natural heat flow.
Heater
 STEAM POWERPLANTS
(Coal-fired, Nuclear and Solar Thermal Plant)
generates electricity by using steam to drive
turbines.
1st Law of Thermodynamics
conserving energy and by balancing the heat
input (from burning fuel or nuclear reactions)
and work output 1.(from the turbine)
1st Law of Thermodynamics
operating in a thermodynamically efficient
manner and managing heat transfer and
conversion process.
MASINLOC COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT, ZAMBALES.
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT, BATAAN.
SOLAR POWER PLANT, BULACAN.
MALITBOG GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT, LEYTE
 Fill Me Up!
Fill up the missing data based on the pictures presented

SPONTANEOUS PROCESS NON SPONTANEOUS NEEDS WORK TO REVERSE

PROCESS THE PROCESS ( Yes or NO)


Answer the following, base from the data table,

1. Are machines 100 % efficient? Explain.

2. show the relationship existing among thermal efficiency, temperature/energy in hot
reservoir and temperature in cold reservoir
 Temperature/ Temperature/ Thermal Efficiency
energy in cold energy in hot
reservoir reservoir
250 K 500 K
230 K 700 K
287.5 K 575 K
650 J 1054 J
259 J 677 J
30⁰ C ( 303 K) 88⁰ C
56⁰ C 92⁰ C
47⁰ C 56⁰ C
77⁰ C 93⁰ C
65⁰ C
Note: 85⁰ C
Convert the temperature scale to Kelvin by adding 273
to the
given temperature in Celcius then change the scale to
Kelvin (K)
Example: 30 + 273 = 303 K
QUESTIONS:
1. What is Heat
Energy? Work?
2. Is Work Related to
Heat Energy
3. Can Heat Energy
Converted to
Work? How?
4. What is Heat Engine?
5. What are the machines that
works based on the 1st and 2nd law
of thermodynamics?
 Read and understand the
concepts then answer the
enrichment activity. Write your
answer in 1 whole sheet of
paper.
 Thermal Efficiency
- the ratio of the useful work
done to to the heat which
determines how well a machine
operates
- It applies the conservation of
energy, QH = W + QC
- Important measure of a heat
engine of how much of the
input energy ends up doing
useful work
- It is calculated as fractions
but stated as percentage
EQUATION:

Efficiency= Work done = W

Input heat QH

Work is just the input heat minus the

exhaust heat, so

Efficiency = QH-QC =1 - QC X 100

QH QH
Where:
QC= energy removed by heat/ energy in
cold reservoir (Cooling Energy)
QH= /energy in
hot reservoir (Heating Energy)
TC= absolute temperature in cold
reservoir (Cooling Temperature)
TH= absolute temperature in hot
reservoir (Heating Temperature)
NOTE: Temperature are the absolute temperature on Kelvin Scale (Example: 30 + 273=
303 K
Quantity Energy and Temperature is always
low while on a cooling process
Where:
QC= energy in cold reservoir (Cooling Energy)
(energy removed by heat)
QH= energy in hot reservoir (Heating Energy)
(energy added by heat)
TC= absolute temperature in cold
reservoir (Cooling Temperature)
TH= absolute temperature in hot
reservoir (Heating Temperature)

NOTE: Temperature are the absolute temperature on Kelvin Scale (Example: 30 + 273= 303 K
Quantity Energy and Temperature is always
low while on a cooling process
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
PROBLEM SOLVING:
Page 315 (Science Textbook)
1. what is the efficiency of a
gasoline engine that receives
192.72 J of energy from
combustion and loose 125.25 J by
heat to exhaust during one cycle?
 QC = 125.25 J
QH = 192.75 J
Find Efficiency
Equation: Efficiency= 1 - QC X

100
QH

Solution: Eff iciency= 1- 125.25 J X

100
192.75 J
= 1- 0.65 X 100
= 0.35 X 100
2. Suppose a steam engine
receives steam at 600 K.
The engine uses a part of
this thermal energy for
work. It exhausts the rest to
a condenser at a
temperature of 350 K. What
is the maximum efficiency
of this steam engine?
Answer:
Given:
Tc= 350 K
TH = 600 K
Find Efficiency
Equation: Efficiency= 1 - TC X 100
TH
Solution:
Efficiency = 1 – 350 K X 100
600 K
= 42%
3. Suppose a steam engine
receives steam at 37⁰ C.
The engine uses a part of
this thermal energy for
work. It exhausts the rest to
a condenser at a
temperature of 35⁰ C. What
is the maximum efficiency
of this steam engine?
Answer:
Given:
Tc= 35⁰ C + 273 = 303 K
TH = 37⁰ C + 273 = 308 K
Find Efficiency
Equation: Efficiency= 1 - TC X 100
TH
Solution:
Efficiency = 1 – 303 K X 100
308 K
= 1- 0.98 x 100
= 0.02 X 100
= 2%