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Business Research Methods _ Error

The document discusses errors in sampling methods, defining key terms such as sample, sampling frame, and sampling unit. It categorizes errors into sampling errors, which arise from variations in collected samples, and non-sampling errors, which occur during data collection. The document also outlines methods to reduce both types of errors, emphasizing the importance of sample size, careful questionnaire design, and proper training for interviewers.

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2 views13 pages

Business Research Methods _ Error

The document discusses errors in sampling methods, defining key terms such as sample, sampling frame, and sampling unit. It categorizes errors into sampling errors, which arise from variations in collected samples, and non-sampling errors, which occur during data collection. The document also outlines methods to reduce both types of errors, emphasizing the importance of sample size, careful questionnaire design, and proper training for interviewers.

Uploaded by

mishtix4
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ERRORS IN SAMPLING

METHOD

Presented by:
Tanushree Chauhan
OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
Basic Terminologies.

Errors in Sampling Methods.

Sampling Errors

Types of Sampling Errors

Non-Sampling Errors

Methods to Reduce the Errors


BASIC TERMINOLOGIES

 Sample: Is a group of people , objects, or items that are taken


from a larger population for measurement.
BASIC TERMINOLOGIES
 Sampling frame: A list of all those within a population who
can be sampled, for example: Student list of MBA students in
UP.

 Sampling Unit: Is the unit of selection, i.e., Who should we


survey?

 Sampling Size: The number of units or subjects sampled for


inclusion in the study, i.e., how many people should we
survey?
ERRORS IN SAMPLING
METHODS

 The process of sampling does not account for all units of a


population, it creates an environment of inaccuracies, and the
process of data collection and its study can also be erroneous.

 Error is the difference between a survey outcome and an


actual or true value of what the researcher wants to measure.
ERRORS IN SAMPLING
METHODS

Survey Errors

Sampling Errors Non-Sampling Errors


SAMPLING ERRORS
SAMPLING ERRORS
 Errors that arises due to variation in collected samples or due
to differences between the collected samples and the
population at large are referred to as ‘Sampling errors’.

 Sampling error arise mainly because the surveyors make use


of a small population of the larger database, to draw
conclusion.
TYPES OF SAMPLING
ERRORS
Sampling errors can further be classified into the following two
types:
• Biased Sampling Error:
• Biased sampling error, as the name suggests, may arise due to
certain preferences at the time of collection of samples.

• Unbiased Sampling Error:


• In some cases, collection of samples is to be done keeping a set of
conditions in mind. However, it is also required that such conditions
do not bring about a bias in the process of sample collection, failing
which, an error arising out of such bias is termed as ‘Unbiased
sampling error’.
NON-SAMPLING ERRORS
Non- sampling errors are those that may arise after the process
of sampling is completed i.e., during census as well as
sampling surveys due to biases and mistakes such as:
 Incorrect enumeration of population members.

 Non-random selection of samples.

 Use of incomplete, vague or faulty questionnaire for data

collection, or
 Wrong editing, coding and presentation of the responses

received through the questionnaire.


METHODS TO REDUCE THE ERRORS

Methods to Reduce the Sampling Errors:


 Increasing the Sample Size.
 Divide the population into groups.
 Know your population.
 Thoroughly pretest your survey method.
 Avoid rushed or short data collection methods.
 Ensure confidentiality.
METHODS TO REDUCE THE ERRORS

Methods to Reduce the Non-Sampling Errors:


 It can be minimized if the questionnaire contains precise &
unambiguous questions.
 It can be minimized if the questionnaire is administered
carefully.
 The interviewers are given proper trainings, and
 The responses are correctly processed.
Thank
You

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