Lecture-1
Overview
Overview
Of Some
Selected Topics
Structures
Union
Pointers
Bit Specified variable
DMA
(Dynamic Memory Allocation)
Structures
Memory Allocation to Structures
Unless we associate a variable
with defined structure
no memory space is allocated
Name of ith student
Enrollment no. of ith student
Marks of ith student
Class S.N. of ith student
Further
expanding
Student Record
One Department Elective
One Institute Elective
Three Core Courses
Compulsory for all students
The Data Type is either
int
unsigned int
Or signed int
Bit length is number of bits used
For signed int at least two bits
to be used , one for sign
Illustration for BFS
Struct Example
{
int a;
unsigned sex_code :1 ;
int b;
int d:3;
signed int c:2 ;
float marks;
int e:2 ;
float value;
};
0 15
a
0 15 a
0 15
Sex_code
0 15 a
0 15
Sex_code
0 15 b
0 15 a
0 15
Sex_code
0 15 b
0 1 2 15 d
0 15 a
0 15
Sex_code
0 15 b
0 1 2 3 4 15 d,c
0 15 a
0 15
Sex_code
0 15 b
0 1 2 3 4 15 d,c
0 3
1 marks
0 15 a
0 15
Sex_code
0 15 b
0 1 2 3 4 15 d,c
0 3
1 marks
0 1
e
0 15 a
0 15
Sex_code
0 15 b
0 1 2 3 4 15 d,c
0 3
1
marks
0 1 15 e
0 3
1value
18 bytes
Efficient way of
defining structure for this case
Struct Example
{
unsigned sex_code :
1;
int d: 3;
int c: 2 ;
int e: 2 ;
int a;
int b;
float marks;
float value;
};
Sex_code, d ,c , e ( 1—3—2—2)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
marks
value
14 bytes
Pointers
Point to Ponder
int value1, *p1;
float value2, *p2 ;
p1 = &value1;
p2 = &value2;
Why data type is
to be associated with pointer ?
When it holds integer address!
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int *ptrq, q;
q = 50;
/* address of q is assigned to ptr */
ptrq = &q;
/* display q's value using ptr variable */
printf("%d", *ptrq);
return 0;
Pointer to Pointer/ double pointer
int num=123;
int *pr2;
int **pr1;
pr1 = &pr2;
pr2 = &num
Use of double pointer
/* Possible ways to find value of variable
num*/
printf("\n Value of num is: %d", num);
printf("\n Value of num using pr2 is: %d", *pr2);
printf("\n Value of num using pr1 is: %d", **pr1);
int b = *pr2;
c = b+(*pr2)
int b = *pr2;
c = b+(*pr2)
0r c = b+ **pr1
Or C = 2*(**pr1)
All will lead c= 246 but num does not change
num = 2*(**pr1) or **pr1 = 2*(*pr2)
Both will lead value of num As 246
/*Possible ways to find address of num*/
printf("\n Address of num is: %p", &num);
printf("\n Address of num using pr2 is: %p", pr2);
printf("\n Address of num using pr1 is: %p", *pr1);
Double Pointer in C
int main()
{
int var = 789;
// pointer for var
int* ptr2;
// double pointer for
ptr2
int** ptr1;
// storing address of var in ptr2
ptr2 = &var;
// Storing address of ptr2 in ptr1
ptr1 = &ptr2;
// Displaying value of var using
// both single and double pointers
printf("Value of var = %d\n", var);
printf("Value of var using single
pointer
= %d\n", *ptr2);
Double Pointer in C++
int val = 169;
// storing address of val to pointer ptr.
int *ptr = &val;
int **double_ptr = &ptr;
// pointer to a pointer declared which is
pointing to an integer.
What will be the size of a
pointer to a pointer in C
double pointer behave similarly
to a normal pointer both in C &
C++
So, the size of the variable of the
double-pointer and the size of the
normal pointer variable is always
equal.
Pointer Increment
& Scale factor
Pointers & Arrays
One Dimensional Array
Static int x(5) = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 6}
Int *p
variable X[0] X[1] X[2] X[3] X[4]
value 1 2 3 4 6
address 1000 1002 1004 1006 1008
x is base address
x and &x[0] is same and is 1000
p = x is same as p = &x[0]
x is a pointer constant
p is a pointer variable
p &x[0] *p …….. x[0]
p+1 &x[1] *(p+1) … x[1]
p+2 &x[2] *(p+2) … x[2]
p+3 &x[3] .
p+4 &x[4] .
variable X[0] X[1] X[2] X[3] X[4]
value 1 2 3 4 6
address 1000 1002 1004 1006 1008
Address of x[i] =
Base address of array X +
i* scale factor for int.
=X+2*i
Scale factor is 2 for integer, 4 for float & 1 for char
ith element = *(X + 2 * i)
Two Dimensional Array
static int a[2][3];
int *p ;
p=a ; //*or p = &a[0][0]
p ….. Pointer to first Row
(a+i) or a[i] …. Pointer to ith Row
*(a+i) …. pointer to the first element in the ith Row
*(a+i) + j …… Pointer to jth element in ith Row
*(*(a+i) + j) ……. Value of (i,j)th element
( jth element in ith Row)
….. a[0][0] ROW-0
….. a[0][1]
….. a[0][2]
ROW- a[1] …..
1 [0]
a[1] …..
[1]
a[1] …..
[2]
(p+3)+j ………. Address of jth element in
second row
*((p+Max_COL*i)+j) … (i,j)th element
Char NAME [4][16]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
R O O R K E E \0
U N A \0
M E E R U T \0
D H A R A M S H A L A \0
SPACE ALLOCATED ….. 64 bytes
SPACE USED …… 31 bytes
Static char *name[4] = { “ROORKEE’
“UNA”
“MEERUT”
“DHARAMSHALA”
};
R O O R K E E \0
U N A \0
M E E R U T \0
D H A R A M S H A L A \0
SPACE ALLOCATED ….. 31 bytes
SPACE USED …… 31 bytes
SPACE IS ALLOCATED EXACTLY
WHAT IS REQUIRED
NAME[0] …. Pointer to first String
Name[i] …. Pointer to ith String
POINTERS & CHARACTER STRING
main()
{
char *name;
Int length ;
Char *cptr = name;
Name = “ROORKEE” ;
When(*cptr != ‘\0’)
{
Cptr++ ;
}
Length = cptr – name;
Printf( “\n length of string = %d”, length);
} /*main ends here
USING POINTERS WE CAN HANDLE TABLE OF STRINGS
Char name[20]
Name = “Roorekee”
Static char *name[4] = { “ROORKEE’
“UNA”
“MEERUT”
“DHARAMSHALA”
};
USING ARROW OPERATOR
Index/ Record of
0 Student[0]
1 .
2 .
3 .
. .
. .
48 .
49 Student[49]
DYNAMIC
MEMORY
ALLOCATION
(DMA)
Difference Between
malloc( ) & calloc( )
Important Points !
Important Points !
Ptr May Change or may not Change
Case-1 newsize is Smaller
Case-2 newsize is Larger
Case-1 New size is smaller
Case-2 newsize is Larger
(a)
Case-2 newsize is Larger
(b)
In C++, memory is divided into two parts –
Stack - All the variables that are
declared inside any function take memory
from the stack.
Heap - It is unused memory in the
program that is generally used for
dynamic memory allocation
Dynamic memory allocation
using the new operator
To allocate the space dynamically, the operator
new is used.
It means creating a request for memory
allocation on the free store. If memory is
available, memory is initialized, and the address
of that space is returned to a pointer variable.
Syntax
Pointer_variable = new data_type;
The pointer_varible is of pointer
data_type.
The data type can be int, float,
string, char, etc.
int *m = NULL // Initially we have a NULL
pointer
m = new int // memory is requested to the
Initialize memory
We can also initialize memory using new
operator.
int *m = new int(20);
Float *d = new float(21.01);
Allocate a block of memory
We can also use a new operator to allocate
a block(array) of a particular data type.
For example
int *arr = new int[10]
Here we have dynamically allocated memory for ten
integers which also returns a pointer to the first element
of the array. Hence, arr[0] is the first element and so on.
