Chemical Bonding

Learning Target:

1. Describe a chemical bond.

2. Differentiate ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding.
3. Explain how ions are formed.
4. Explain the formation of ionic and covalent bonds.
5. Recognize different types of compounds (ionic or
covalent) based on their properties such as melting
point, hardness, polarity, and electrical and thermal
conductivity.
 Three Major Types of Bonding
• Ionic Bonding
– It forms ionic compounds
– There is a transfer of valence e -
• Covalent Bonding
– It forms molecules
– There is sharing of valence e -
• Metallic Bonding
-The metals share a cloud of electron
 Ionic Bonding
• Always formed between metal cations
and non-metals anions
• The oppositely charged ions stick like
magnets
+ -
[METALS ] [NON-METALS ]

Lost e-
Gained e-
 Ionic Bonding
Ionic bonding occurs when there is an
attraction between oppositely charged
ions. Electrons are transferred to form
oppositely charged ions. When metals
and nonmetals combine, valence
electrons usually are transferred from
the metal to the nonmetal atoms, giving
rise to ionic bonds.
Ionic Bonding
Ionic Bonding
Ionic Bonding
 Ionic Bonding
Example: 1. Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Na- metal and Cl-nonmetal
*sodium chloride is commonly known
as salt

Na+(cation) & Cl- (anion) ions react to

form solid sodium chloride.
Ionic Bonding
Ionic Bonding
Ionic Bonding
Ionic Bonding
Ionic Bonding
 Ionic
Crisscross Method
Bonding
*In forming the Chemical formula of
IONIC Compounds, you can get it through
the ions formed by each element being
used in the bond through CRISSCROSS
METHOD
Example: Aluminum and Oxygen
1.Write the symbol for each element Al and
O
2. Identify in the periodic table the ions to form
during a chemical bonding
Al has to lose 3 electrons so it will become
and Oxygen has to gain 2 electrons so it will
become
Ionic Bonding
Ionic Bonding
 Ionic Bonding
NAMING BINARY IONIC
COMPOUNDS
1. Write the metal element
(cation) first then the base
of the nonmetal element
(anion)

2. add –ide to the base of the

nonmetal elements
Examples: Na+ ( metal)+ Cl-
Ionic Bonding
Ionic Bonding
Ionic Bonding
Bible Verse Reflection: “The Gift of Giving”
Read and reflect on the bible verse:
Luke 6:38 “Give and it will be given to you,
and you will receive in your sack good
measure, pressed down, full and running over.
For the measure you give will be the measure
you receive back”
Guide for your reflection:
 What does the bible say about giving?
 What do you like to give to others?
 What do you like to receive from others?
 Why is giving important?
 How can I be a gift to others?
Ionic Bond
 Ionic Bond
Mini-task #1: Let’s be familiar be Ionic
Compounds!
Activity 2.3 Application task
Instruction: Choose only three (3) of the following
ionic compounds. Research this compound’s chemical
name, and chemical formula, and describe its
properties and importance and or uses as a product.
a. Milk of magnesia
b. Oil of Vitriol
c. Saltpeter
d. Baking soda
e. Bleach
 Ionic Bond
Mini-task #1: Let’s be familiar be Ionic
Compounds!
Activity 2.3 Application task
Name Chemical name Chemical formula Description Importance/Uses
( 1 point) ( 1 point.) ( 1 point) ( 2 points)

Salt Sodium Chloride NaCl Colorless, white when pure, transparent to It is making our food tasty.
cubic crystals, powder or granules. It is soluble It is used for food preservation.
in water It is for cleaning and stain removal
 Metallic Bonding
• Always formed between 2 metals (pure
metals)
– Solid gold, silver, lead, etc…
 Metallic Bonding
A metal alloy is a substance
that combines more than
one metal or mixes a metal
with other non-metallic
elements. For example,
brass is an alloy of two
metals: copper and zinc.
Steel is an alloy of a metallic
element (iron) and a small
Metallic Bonding
Metallic Bonding
Metallic Bonding
Metallic Bonding
Covalent Bonding
molecules
• Pairs of e- are
shared
between 2 non-
metal atoms to
acquire the electron
configuration of a
noble gas.
 Covalent Bonding
• Occurs between nonmetal atoms which need to gain
electrons to get a stable octet of electrons or a filled
outer shell.

no
nm
et
a ls
 Drawing molecules (covalent)
using Lewis Dot Structures
• Symbol represents the KERNEL of the atom (nucleus and inner
electrons)
• dots represent valence electrons
• The ones place of the group number indicates the number of
valence electrons on an atom.
• Draw a valence electron on each side (top, right, bottom, left)
before pairing them.
Always remember atoms are trying
to complete their valence shell!
“2 will do but 8 is great!”
The number of electrons the atoms needs is the
total number of bonds they can make.
Ex. … H? O? F? N? Cl? C?
one two one three one four
Draw Lewis Dot Structures
You may represent valence electrons
from different atoms with the
following symbols x, ,

x
H or H or H
 Covalent bonding
• The atoms form a covalent bond by
sharing their valence electrons to get a
stable octet of electrons.(filled valence
shell of 8 electrons)
• Electron-Dot Diagrams of the atoms are
combined to show the covalent bonds
• Covalently bonded atoms form
MOLECULES
 Methane CH4
• This is the finished Lewis dot structure
• Every atom has a filled valence shell

How did we get here?

OR
General Rules for Drawing Lewis Structures

• All valence electrons of the atoms in Lewis structures must

be shown.
• Generally each atom needs eight electrons in its valence
shell (except Hydrogen needs only two electrons and
Boron needs only 6).
• Multiple bonds (double and triple bonds) can be formed by
C, N, O, P, and S.
• Central atoms have the most unpaired electrons.

• Terminal atoms have the fewest unpaired electrons.

• When carbon is one of you atoms, it will
always be in the center

• Sometimes you only have two atoms, so

there is no central atom
Cl2 HBr H2 O2 N2 HCl

• We will use a method called ANS

(Available, Needed, Shared) to help us draw
our Lewis dot structures for molecules
EXAMPLE 1: Write the Lewis structure for H2O where oxygen is the central atom.
Step 1: Determine the total number of electrons available for bonding. Because only valence
electrons are involved in bonding we need to determine the total number of valence electrons.
AVAILABLE valence electrons:
Electrons available
2H Group 1 2(1) = 2
O Group 6 6
8
There are 8 electrons available for bonding.

Step 2: Determine the number of electrons needed by

each atom to fill its valence shell.
NEEDED valence electrons
Electrons needed
2H each H needs 2 2(2) = 4
O needs 8 8
12
There are 12 electrons needed.
 Step 3: More electrons are needed then there are available. Atoms therefore make bonds by sharing
electrons. Two electrons are shared per bond.

SHARED (two electrons per bond)

# of bonds = (# of electrons needed – # of electrons available) = (N-A) = (12 – 8) = 2 bonds.

2 2 2

Draw Oxygen as the central atom. Draw the Hydrogen atoms on either side of the oxygen atom.
Draw the 2 bonds that can be formed to connect the atoms.

OR

Step 4: Use remaining available electrons to fill valence shells for each atom. All atoms need 8 electrons
to fill their valence shell (except hydrogen needs only 2 electrons to fill its valence shell, and
boron only needs 6). For H2O there are 2 bonds, and 2 electrons per bond.
# available electrons remaining = # electrons available – # electrons shared = A-S = 8 – 2(2) = 4 extra e-s
Sometimes multiple bonds must be formed to get
the numbers of electrons to work out
• DOUBLE bond
– atoms that share two e- pairs (4 e-)

O O
• TRIPLE bond
– atoms that share three e- pairs (6 e-)

N N
Step 3: SHARED (two electrons per bond)

# of bonds = (N – A) = (20 – 12) = 4 bonds.

2 2

Draw carbon as the central atom (Hint: carbon is always the center when it is present!). Draw the
Hydrogen atoms and oxygen atom around the carbon atom. Draw 2 bonds of the 4 bonds that can
be formed to connect the H atoms. Draw the remaining 2 bonds to connect the O atom (oxygen
can form double bonds)

Step 4: Use remaining available electrons to fill valence shell for each atom.
# electrons remaining = Available – Shared = A – S = 12 – 4(2) = 4 extra e-s
 Let’s Practice
H2
A=1x2=2
N=2x2=4
S = 4 - 2= 2 ÷ 2 = 1 bond
Remaining = A – S = 2 – 2 = 0
DRAW
 Let’s Practice
CH4
A = C 4x1 = 4 H 1x4 = 4 4 + 4 = 8
N = C 8x1 = 8 H 2x4 = 8 8 + 8 = 16
S = (A-N)16 – 8 = 8 ÷2 = 4 bonds
Remaining = A-S = 8 – 8 = 0
DRAW
 Let’s Practice
NH3
A = N 5x1 = 5 H 1x3 = 3 = 8
N = N 8x1 = 8 H 2x3 = 6 = 14
S = 14-8 = 6 ÷2 = 3 bonds
Remaining = (A-S) 8 – 6 = 2
DRAW
 Let’s Practice
CO2
A = C 4x1 = 4 O 6x2 = 12 = 16
N = C 8x1 = 8 O 8x2 = 16 = 24
S = 24-16 = 8 ÷ 2 = 4 bonds
Remaining = (A-S) 16 – 8 = 8 not bonding
DRAW – carbon is the central atom
 Let’s Practice
BCl3 boron only needs 6 valence electrons, it is an exception.
A = B 3 x 1 = 3 Cl 7 x 3 = 21 = 24
N = B(6) x 1 = 6 Cl 8 x 3 = 24 = 30
S = 30-24 = 6 ÷ 2 = 3 bonds
Remaining = 24 – 6 = 18 e- not bonding
DRAW
 Naming Molecular
Compounds (Covalent)

Type III

Nonmetal + nonmetal
The Covalent Bond
Sharing of electrons
 Properties of Molecular or Covalent Compounds

• Made from 2 or more non­metals

• Consist of molecules not ions
 Molecular Formulas
Show the kinds and numbers of
atoms present in a molecule of
a compound.

Molecular Formula = H2O

 Structural formula

H N H
H
Molecular formula NH3
 Molecular Formulas
• Examples

• CO2

• SO3

• N2 O5
 Rules for Naming
Molecular compounds
• The most “metallic” nonmetal
element is written first (the one
that is furthest left)
• The most non­metallic of the two
nonmetals is written last in the
formula
• NO2 not O2N
• All binary molecular compounds end
in -­ide
 Molecular compounds
• Ionic compounds use charges to determine the
chemical formula
• The molecular compound‘s name tells you the
number of each element in the chemical
formula.
• Uses prefixes to tell you the quantity of each
element.
• You need to memorize the prefixes !
 Prefixes
• 1 mono­
• 2 di­
• 3 tri­
• 4 tetra­
• 5 penta­ Memorize!
• 6 hexa­
• 7 hepta­
• 8 octa­
• 9 nona­
• 10
deca­
More Molecular Compound Rules
• If there is only one of the first element do
not put (prefix) mono­
• Example: carbon monoxide (not monocarbon monoxide)

• If the nonmetal starts with a vowel, drop

the vowel ending from all prefixes except
di and tri
• monoxide not monooxide
• tetroxide not tetraoxide
Molecular compounds

N2O5
Molecular compounds

N2O5
di
 Molecular compounds

N2O5

dinitrogen
 Molecular compounds

N2O5

dinitrogen penta
 Molecular compounds

N2O5

dinitrogen pentaoxide
Molecular compound Naming Practice

N2O5

dinitrogen pentaoxide
 Molecular compounds

N2O5

dinitrogen
pentoxide
dinitrogen pentoxide
Molecular
compounds Sulfur
trioxide
Molecular compounds
Sulfur
trioxide

S
Molecular compounds
Sulfur
trioxide

S
Molecular compounds
Sulfur trioxide

S O3
Molecular
compounds Sulfur
trioxide
S O3
SO3
Molecular compounds

CCl4
Molecular compounds

CCl4

monocarbon
Molecular compounds

CCl4

monocarbon
Molecular compounds

CCl4
carbon
Molecular compounds

CCl4
carbon tetra
Molecular compounds

CCl4
carbon tetrachloride
Molecular compounds

CCl4
carbon tetrachloride

Carbon tetrachloride
 Write molecular formulas
for these
• diphosphorus pentoxide
• P2O5
• trisulfur hexaflouride
• S3F6

• nitrogen triiodide
• NI3
 Common Names

H2O

NH3
Common
Names
H2O Water

NH3 Ammonia
 Bond Types

3 Possible Bond Types:

• Ionic
• Non-Polar Covalent
• Polar Covalent
Use Electronegativity Values to
Determine Bond Types
• Ionic bonds
– Electronegativity (EN) difference > 2.0
• Polar Covalent bonds
– EN difference is between .21 and 1.99
• Non-Polar Covalent bonds
– EN difference is < .20
– Electrons shared evenly in the bond
 Ionic Character
“Ionic Character” refers to a bond’s
polarity
–In a polar covalent bond,
• the closer the EN difference is to 2.0,
the more POLAR its character
• The closer the EN difference is to .20,
the more NON-POLAR its character
Place these molecules in order of increasing
bond polarity using the electronegativity
values on your periodic table

• HCl 3 EN difference = 0.9

• CH4 2 EN difference = 0.4
• CO2 4 EN difference = 1.0
a.k.a.
• NH3 3 EN difference = 0.9 “ionic character”

• N2 1 EN difference = 0
• HF 5 EN difference = 1.9
 Polar vs. Nonpolar
MOLECULES
• Sometimes the bonds within a
molecule are polar and yet the
molecule itself is non-polar
 Nonpolar Molecules
• Molecule is Equal on all sides
– Symmetrical shape of molecule
(atoms surrounding central atom are
the same on all sides)
H
Draw Lewis dot first and
see if equal on all sides
H C H
H
 Polar Molecules
• Molecule is Not Equal on all sides
– Not a symmetrical shape of molecule
(atoms surrounding central atom are
not the same on all sides)

Cl
H C H
H
 Polar Molecule

+
H Cl  -

Unequal Sharing of Electrons

Non-Polar Molecule

Cl Cl
Equal Sharing of Electrons
Polar Molecule

H Cl
B
H
Not symmetrical
Non-Polar Molecule

H H
B
H Symmetrical
Water is a POLAR molecule

ANY time there are unshared pairs

of electrons on the central atom, the
molecule is POLAR
H H
O
 Making sense of the polar
non-polar thing
BONDS MOLECULES

Non-polar Polar Non-polar Polar

EN difference EN Symmetrical Asymmetrical
difference
0 - .2 .21 – 1.99 OR
Unshared e-s on
Central Atom
5 Shapes of Molecules
you must know!
(memorize)
 Copy this slide

• VSEPR – Valence Shell Electron Pair

Repulsion Theory
– Covalent molecules assume geometry
that minimizes repulsion among electrons
in valence shell of atom
– Shape of a molecule can be predicted
from its Lewis Structure
 1. Linear (straight line)
Ball and stick
model OR

Molecule geometry X A X
OR

A X
Shared Pairs = 2 Unshared Pairs = 0
 2. Trigonal Planar
Ball and stick
model

Molecule geometry X
A
X X
Shared Pairs = 3 Unshared Pairs = 0
 3.Tetrahedral
Ball and stick Molecule geometry
model

Shared Pairs = 4 Unshared Pairs = 0

 4. Bent
Ball and stick
model

..
Lewis Diagram A
X X

Shared Pairs = 2 Unshared Pairs = 1 or 2

 5.Trigonal Pyramidal
Ball and stick Molecule geometry
model

Shared Pairs = 3 Unshared Pairs = 1

• I can describe the 3 intermolecular
forces of covalent compounds and
explain the effects of each force.
 Intramolecular attractions
• Attractions
within or inside
molecules, also
known as bonds.
– Ionic
– Covalent Roads within a state
– metallic
 Intermolecular attractions
• Attractions between
molecules
– Hydrogen “bonding”
• Strong attraction
between special polar
molecules (F, O, N, P)
– Dipole-Dipole
• Result of polar covalent
Bonds
– Induced Dipole
(Dispersion Forces)
• Result of non-polar
covalent bonds
 More on intermolecular forces
Hydrogen “Bonding”
• STRONG
intermolecular force - -
– Like magnets
• Occurs ONLY + + - + +

between H of one
molecule and N, O,
F of another
+ +
molecule
Hydrogen Hydrogen bonding
“bond” 1 min
 Why does Hydrogen
“bonding” occur?
• Nitrogen, Oxygen and Fluorine
– are small atoms with strong nuclear
charges
• powerful atoms
– Have very high electronegativities,
these atoms hog the electrons in a bond
– Create very POLAR molecules
Dipole-Dipole Interactions
– WEAK intermolecular force
– Bonds have high EN differences
forming polar covalent molecules,
but not as high as those that result
in hydrogen
bonding. .21<EN<1.99
– Partial negative and partial
positive charges slightly attracted
to each other.
– Only occur between polar
covalent molecules
Dipole-Dipole Interactions
 Induced Dipole Attractions

– VERY WEAK intermolecular force

– Bonds have low EN differences EN < .20
– Temporary partial negative or positive charge
results from a nearby polar covalent molecule.
– Only occur between NON-POLAR & POLAR
molecules
Induced dipole video
30 sec
 BOND STRENGTH
Strongest


intramolecular
IONIC
COVALENT


Hydrogen
intermolecular Dipole-Dipole
Induced Dipole
Weakest
 Intermolecular Forces
affect chemical properties
• For example, strong intermolecular
forces cause high Boiling Point
– Water has a high boiling point compared
to many other liquids
Which substance has the
highest boiling point?
• HF
• NH3
• CO2
• WHY?
Which substance has the
highest boiling point?
• HF The H-F bond has the highest
• NH3 electronegativity difference
SO
• CO2 HF has the most polar bond
• WHY? resulting in the strongest H
bonding (and therefore needs the
most energy to overcome the
intermolecular forces and boil)