EE 359: Wireless Communications

Advanced Topics in Wireless

Dec. 7, 2017
Future Wireless Networks
Ubiquitous Communication Among People and Devices

Next-Gen Cellular/WiFi
Smart Homes/Spaces
Autonomous Cars
Smart Cities
Body-Area Networks
Internet of Things
All this and more …
Challenges 5G AdHoc

Short-Range
Network Challenges
 High performance
 Extreme energy efficiency
 Scarce/bifurcated spectrum
 Heterogeneous networks
 Reliability and coverage
 Seamless internetwork handoff

BT
Device/SoC Challenges Radio

 Performance Cellular
GPS

 Complexity Cog

 Size, Power, Cost Mem WiFi

 High frequencies/mmWave
CPU mmW
 Multiple Antennas
 Multiradio Integration
 Emerging Systems
 New cellular system architectures
 mmWave/massive MIMO
communications
 Software-defined network
architectures
 Ad hoc/mesh wireless networks
 Cognitive radio networks
 Wireless sensor networks
 Energy-constrained radios
 Distributed control networks
 Chemical Communications
Future Cell Phones
Everything
Burden for wireless in one device
this performance is on the backbone network
San Francisco

BS
BS

LTE backbone is the Internet

Internet
Boston
Nth- Phone Nth-
Gen System Gen
Cellul Cellul
ar ar

BS

Much better performance and reliability than today

- Gbps rates, low latency/energy , 99.999% coverage
 What is the Internet of Things:
Enabling every electronic device to be
connected to each other and the Internet

Includes smartphones, consumer electronics,

cars, lights, clothes, sensors, medical devices,…

Value in IoT is data processing in the cloud

Different requirements than smartphones: low rates/energy

The Licensed Airwaves are “Full”

Also have Wifi

ma nd
e
a ta D
i nD
w th
ro
ti al G
one n
E xp

Leading
to mass
ive spec
tr um defic
it And mmWave
10s of GHz of Spectrum

Source: FCC
Enablers for increasing wireless data rates
More spectrum (mmWave)

(Massive) MIMO

Innovations in cellular system design

Software-defined wireless networking

mmW as the next spectral frontier
Large bandwidth allocations, far beyond the 20MHz of 4G
Rain and atmosphere absorption not a big issue in small cells

 Not that high at some frequencies; can be overcome with MIMO

Need cost-effective mmWave CMOS; products now available
Challenges: Range, cost, channel estimation, large arrays
What is Massive MIMO?
Dozens of devices

Hundreds of
BS antennas

A very large antenna array at each base station

An order of magnitude more antenna elements than in
conventional systems
A large number of users are served simultaneously
An excess of base station (BS) antennas
Essentially multiuser MIMO with lots of base station antennas
T. L. Marzetta, “Noncooperative cellular wireless with unlimited numbers of base station
antennas,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 3590–3600, Nov. 2010.
mmWave Massive MIMO
10s of GHz of Spectrum Dozens of devices

Hundreds
of antennas

mmWaves have large attenuation and path loss

For asymptotically large arrays with channel state
information, no attenuation, fading, interference or noise
mmWave antennas are small: perfect for massive MIMO
Bottlenecks: channel estimation and system complexity
Non-coherent design holds significant promise
Non-coherent massive MIMO
Propose simple energy-based modulation
No capacity loss for large arrays:lim Cnocsi lim Ccsi
n  n 
Holds for single/multiple users (1 TX antenna, n RX antennas)

Constellation optimization: unequal spacing

Need 50-100 antennas for an SER of 10-4
Depending on data rate requirementsMinimum
Distance Design
criterion:
Significantly
worse
performance than
the new designs.
Design robust to
channel
uncertainty

Noncoherent communication demonstrates promising

performance with reasonably-sized arrays
 Rethinking Cellular System Design
Cooperating
Transmitters
How should cellular
Small
Cell systems be designed?
Massive
Relay
MIMO
Dynamic
Access Will gains be big or
Distributed incremental; in capacity,
Antennas
coverage or energy?

 Traditional cellular design assumes system is “interference-limited”

 No longer the case with recent technology advances:
 MIMO, multiuser detection, cooperating BSs (CoMP) and relays
 Raises interesting questions such as “what is a cell?”
 Energy efficiency via distributed antennas, small cells, MIMO, and
relays
 Dynamic self-organization (SoN) needed for deployment and
optimization
 Small cells are the solution to
increasing cellular system capacity
In theory, provide exponential capacity gain
SoN Future cellular networks
Server will be hierarchical
Large cells for coverage
Small cells for capacity and
power efficiency
IP Network Small cells require self-
optimization in the cloud
X2 X2 SW
X2
X2
Agent Small Cell Challenges
 SoN algorithmic complexity
Small cell BS  Distributed vs centralized control
Macrocell BS
 Backhaul and site acquisition
 WiFi is the small cell of today
Primary access mode in residences, offices, and
wherever you can get a WiFi signal
Lots of spectrum, excellent PHY design

The Big Problem with WiFi

• The WiFi standard lacks good mechanisms to mitigate
interference in dense AP deployments
• Static channel assignment, power levels, and carrier sense thresholds
• In such deployments WiFi systems exhibit poor spectrum reuse and
significant contention among APs and clients
• Result is low throughput and a poor user experience
Why not use SoN for WiFi?
all wireless networks?

Vehicle networks SoN

Server

mmWave networks
TV White Space &
Cognitive Radio
 Software-Defined Network Architecture
(generalization of NFV, SDN, cloud-RAN, and distributed cloud)
Video
Cloud
Security
Computing
Vehicular
Networks
M2M App layer Health

Power CS
Freq. Self QoS
Allocation
Contr ICIC Opt.
Threshol
Healing d
ol
Network Optimization

UNIFIED CONTROL PLANE

HW layer
Distributed Antennas
WiFi Cellular mmWave
… Ad-Hoc
Networks
SDWN Challenges
Algorithmic complexity
Frequency allocation alone is NP hard
Also have MIMO, power control, CST, hierarchical
networks: NP-really-hard
Advanced optimization tools needed, including a
combination of centralized (cloud) distributed, and locally
centralized (fog) control
Cloud Optimization

Hardware Interfaces Fog

X2 X2 Optimization
Seamless handoff X2
X2

Resource pooling Small cell BS

Macrocell BS
New PHY and MAC Techniques
New Waveforms
Robust to rapidly changing channels (OTFS)
More flexible and efficient subcarrier allocation (variants of
OFDM)
Coding
Incremental research (polar vs. LDPC), no new
breakthroughs
Access
Efficient access for low-rate IoT Devices (sparse code
MAC, GFDM, OTFS, variants of OFDMA)
Access/interference mitigation for unlicensed LTE
 Ad-Hoc Networks

 Peer-to-peer communications
 Nobackbone infrastructure or
centralized control
 Routing can be multihop.
 Topology is dynamic.
 Fully connected with different link
SINRs
 Open questions
 Fundamental capacity region
 Cooperation in
Wireless Networks

 Many possible cooperation

strategies:
 Virtual MIMO, relaying (DF, CF, AF), one-
shot/iterative conferencing, and network
coding
 Nodes can use orthogonal or non-
General Relay Strategies
TX1 RX1
X1
Y4=X1+X2+X3+
relay Z4
Y3=X1+X2+ X3= f(Y3)
Z3
Y5=X1+X2+X3+Z5
X2
TX2 RX2

 Can forward message and/or interference

 Relaycan forward all or part of the
messages
 Much room for innovation
 Relay can forward interference
 To help subtract it out
 Beneficial to forward both
interference and message

• For large powers, this strategy approaches

 Spectrum innovations beyond
licensed/unlicensed paradigms
 Cognitive Radios
CRTx CRRx
IP
NCR
NCR CR CR NCRRx
NCRTx

MIMO Cognitive Underlay Cognitive Overlay

 Cognitive radios support new users in
existing crowded spectrum without degrading
licensed users
 Utilizeadvanced communication and DSP
techniques
 Coupled with novel spectrum allocation policies

 Multiple paradigms
 (MIMO) Underlay (interference below a threshold)
 Interweave finds/uses unused time/freq/space slots
 Overlay (overhears/relays primary message while
cancelling interference it causes to cognitive
“Green” Wireless Networks
Pico/Femto
How should wireless
Coop
MIMO systems be redesigned
Relay
for minimum energy?

DAS Research indicates that

significant savings is possible

Drastic energy reduction needed (especially

for IoT)
New Infrastuctures: Cell Size, BS/AP placement,
Distributed Antennas (DAS), Massive MIMO, Relays
New Protocols: Coop MIMO, RRM, Sleeping,
Relaying
DAS to minimize energy
Optimize distributed BS antenna location
Primal/dual optimization framework
Convex; standard solutions apply
For 4+ ports, one moves to the center
Up to 23 dB power gain in downlink
Gain higher when CSIT not available

6 Ports
3 Ports
 Energy-Constrained Radios
Transmit energy minimized by sending bits
very slowly
Leads to increased circuit energy consumption

Short-range networks must consider both

transmit and processing/circuit energy.
Sophisticated encoding/decoding not always
energy-efficient.
MIMO techniques not necessarily energy-efficient
Long transmission times not necessarily optimal
Multihop routing not necessarily optimal

Sub-Nyquist Sampling
Sub-Nyquist Sampled Channels
Analog Channel N( f )

Message Encoder H( f ) Decode Message

x(t ) y (t ) r
C. Shannon

Wideband systems may preclude Nyquist-rate sampling!

Sub-Nyquist sampling well explored in signal

processing
 Landau-rate sampling, compressed sensing, etc.
 Performance metric: MSE
H. Nyquist

We ask: what is the capacity-achieving sub-

Nyquist sampler and communication design
Capacity and Sub-Nyquist Sampling
 Consider linear time-invariant sub-sampled channels

Preprocess
or

 Theorem: Capacity-achieving sampler t n(mTs )

s1 (t ) y1[n]

zzzz
p(t )
zzzz
zz
 zzzzz
s(t )
zzzzz
y[n] or t n(mTs )

yi [n]
si (t )

Optimal filters suppress aliasing t n(mTs )

sm (t ) ym [n]

Sub-Nyquist sampling is optimal for some

channels!
Example: Multiband Channel
 Consider a “sparse” channel, and an optimally
designed 4-branch filter bank sampler

- Outperforms single-
branch sampling.

- Achieves full-capacity
above Landau Rate

Landau Rate: sum of total bandwidths

 Wireless Sensor Networks
Data Collection and Distributed Control
• Smart homes/buildin
• Smart structures
• Search and rescue
• Homeland security
• Event detection
• Battlefield surveillan

 Energy (transmit and processing) is the driving

constraint
 Data flows to centralized location (joint compression)
 Low per-node rates but tens to thousands of nodes

Where should energy come
from?
• Batteries and traditional charging
mechanisms
• Well-understood devices and systems

• Wireless-power transfer
• Poorly understood, especially at large distances
and with high efficiency

• Communication with Energy Harvesting

Radios
• Intermittent and random energy arrivals
• Communication becomes energy-dependent
• Can combine information and energy transmission
• New principles for radio and network design
needed.
 Distributed Control over
Wireless
Automated Vehicle
- Cars
- Airplanes/UAVs
- Insect flyers

Interdisciplinary design
approach
• Control requires fast, accurate, and
reliable feedback.
• Wireless networks
: introduce
Many design delay and
challenges
loss
 Chemical
Communications

 Canbe developed for both macro (>cm)

and micro (<mm) scale communications
 Greenfield area of research:
 Neednew modulation schemes, channel
impairment mitigation, multiple acces, etc.
Applications

Data rate: .5 bps

“fan-enhanced” channel
Current Work
Slow dissipation of chemicals
leads to ISI
Can use acid/base
transmission to decrease ISI
Similar ideas can be applied
for multilevel modulation and
multiuser techniques
Currently testing in our lab
New equalization based on
Sending text messages with windex and vinegar
machine learning
Stanford Report:
Increased data rate 10x November 15, 2016
 Applications in Health,
Biomedicine and
Neuroscience
Neuroscience
-Nerve network
Body-Area (re)configuration
Networks -EEG/ECoG signal
processing
- Signal processing/control
for deep brain stimulation
- SP/Comm applied to
bioscience
Recovery from Nerve Damage

ECoG Epileptic Seizure Localization

EEG

ECoG
Epileptic Seizure Focal Points
Seizure caused by an oscillating signal moving across neurons
 When enough neurons oscillate, a seizure occurs
 Treatment “cuts out” signal origin: errors have serious implications
Directed mutual information spanning tree algorithm applied
to ECoG measurements estimates the focal point of the seizure
Application of our algorithm to existing data sets on 3 patients
matched well with their medical records

ECoG
Data
Summary
The next wave in wireless technology is upon us
This technology will enable new applications that will change
people’s lives worldwide

Future wireless networks must support high rates for

some users and extreme energy efficiency for others
Small cells, mmWave massive MIMO, Software-Defined
Wireless Networks, and energy-efficient design key enablers.

Communication tools and modeling techniques may

provide breakthroughs in other areas of science
 The End
 Thanks!!!
 Good luck on the final and final
project
 Have a great winter break

Unless you are studying for quals – if so, good luck!