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lab 2

The document discusses the fundamental aspects of cells, highlighting their diversity in shape, size, and internal organization. It details the historical discovery of cells by Robert Hooke and Anton van Leeuwenhoek, and categorizes cells into prokaryotic and eukaryotic types, noting their principal differences. Additionally, it explains cellular organization and the concept of true multicellularity, including the roles of tissues, organs, and organ systems.

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Ayhan Can
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4 views

lab 2

The document discusses the fundamental aspects of cells, highlighting their diversity in shape, size, and internal organization. It details the historical discovery of cells by Robert Hooke and Anton van Leeuwenhoek, and categorizes cells into prokaryotic and eukaryotic types, noting their principal differences. Additionally, it explains cellular organization and the concept of true multicellularity, including the roles of tissues, organs, and organ systems.

Uploaded by

Ayhan Can
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cell

Diversity

Lab2
The Cell
• The cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of all living
organisms.
• All organisms are made up of cells. They may be made up of a
single cell (unicellular), or many cells (multicellular).
How were cells first discovered?

• Hooke: In 1665, Robert Hooke discovered cells in slices of cork.

• Leeuwenhoek: In 1673, Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first to

observe living cells in microorganisms; Leeuwenhoek called these

organism animalcules ~ we now call them Protists.


Cell Diversity

• Cells are very diverse in terms of shape, size, and


internal organization

• A cell’s function influences its physical features


Cell size

• A few types of cells can be seen


without the aid of a microscope
(egg cells, nerve cells in a giraffe).

• Most cells are visible only with a


microscope.
Cell shape
• Within a multicellular organism, there are a variety of cells. Some are
long while others are short; some are circular while some are oval.
• The diversity in cell shape reflects the different functions of cells.
For example, a nerve cell is long and branched, meant for the transmission of
signals throughout our body.
• A muscle cell is small and spindle-shaped which helps in movement.
• Dead skin cells: are flat to cover the body surface.
• White blood cells can change shape (leave the blood, enter the areas
surrounding blood vessels, so they can do their job…… attack
invaders like bacteria).
Cell types
Cells are broadly categorized into two types:

1. Eukaryotic cells
2. Prokaryotic cells
Prokaryotic:
• Pro = before; karyon = nucleus
• Any cellular organism that has no nuclear membrane, no organelles in the
cytoplasm except ribosomes, and has its genetic material in the form of single
continuous strands forming coils or loops, as the bacteria and blue-green algae.
• Earliest cell type
Ex: Bacteria

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Prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotics:
• Eu = true; karyon = nucleus
• Any organism having as its fundamental structural unit a cell type that
contains specialized organelles in the cytoplasm, and membrane-bound
nucleus.
Ex: Fungi, Plants and Animals

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Eukaryotic cells
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Principal Differences between Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotes Prokaryotes

fungi, plants, animals Bacteria Typical organisms

Larger (10-100 μm) Smaller (1-10 μm) Typical size

real nucleus with nuclear envelope No nucleus Type of nucleus

Linear molecules Circular DNA


More Few Organelles
Multicellular (more complex) Unicellular (less complex) Organization

Mitosis Binary fission Cell division

Large Small Ribosomes


Cell organization

• The components of the cell and how they are arranged within it are referred to as
cellular organization.
• Organelle “tiny organ” within cell, they carry out specific functions for the cell
to live.
Example:
• Nucleus – contains DNA and RNA, directs activities of the cell.
• The level of cellular organization, from smallest to most complex, is cells,
tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms.
True Multicellularity
• Tissue: are groups of cells with similar structures and functions

cells
tissue
• Organs : groups of tissues that perform a particular job in an organism.
Ex: The heart’s function is to pump blood around the body
• Organ System: group of organs that accomplish related tasks.
Ex:The circulatory system functions to transport materials around the body and to fight
infection.
• Organism: several organ systems combined.

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