ICE 3161
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
DR. ASIF ZAMAN
PROFESSOR, CSE, RU
DATA AND SIGNALS
• What is Data???
• Data is a collection of discrete or continuous values that
• convey information,
• describing the quantity, quality, fact, statistics,
• other basic units of meaning,
• or simply sequences of symbols that may be further
interpreted formally.
TO BE TRANSMITTED, DATA MUST
BE TRANSFORMED TO
ELECTROMAGNETIC SIGNALS.
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ANALOG AND DIGITAL DATA
• Data can be analog or digital.
– The term analog data refers to Data
information that is continuous
– digital data refers to Analog Digital
information that has discrete
states.
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Intensity: strength/power
Signal refers to any time-varying voltage, Signal
ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNALS
current, or electromagnetic wave that carries
information. Analog Digital
• Signals can be either analog or digital.
• An analog signal has infinitely many levels of intensity over a
period of time.
• A digital signal, on the other hand, can have only a limited
number of defined values.
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PERIODIC AND NONPERIODIC
• Both analog and digital signals can take one of two forms:
– periodic or
– nonperiodic Signal
• A periodic signal completes
Analog a pattern
Digital … time frame, (period),
and repeats that pattern over subsequent identical periods.
• The completion of one full pattern is
Periodic called a cycle.
Periodic
• A nonperiodic signal changes without
NonPeriodic exhibiting a pattern or
NonPeriodic
cycle that repeats over time.
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PERIODIC ANALOG SIGNALS
Signal
• Periodic analog signals can be Analog Digital
classified as:
- Simple & Periodic NonPeridic Periodic
- Composite
• A simple periodic analog Simple (sine wave) NonPeridic
signal, a sine wave, cannot
Composit
be decomposed into simpler
signals.
• A composite periodic analog
signal is composed of
multiple sine waves.
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SINE WAVE
• A sine wave is a geometric
waveform that oscillates
(moves up, down, or side-to-
side) periodically, and is
defined by the function
y = sin x. • A sine wave can be represented by
• In other words, it is an s- three parameters:
shaped, smooth wave that 1. PEAK AMPLITUDE
oscillates above and below zero. 2. FREQUENCY
3. PHASE
• These three parameters fully
describe a sine wave.
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Period
refers to the amount of time,
in seconds, a signal needs to
complete 1 cycle.
Frequency
refers to the number of
periods in 1 s.
Period is formally expressed in
seconds. Frequency is formally
expressed in Hertz (Hz), which is
cycle per second
Peak Amplitude
The peak amplitude of a signal is the absolute
value of its highest intensity, proportional
to the energy it carries. For electric signals,
peak amplitude is normally measured
in volts.
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• Q: Give us an pictorial example of two signals with same amplitude and phase but
different frequencies???
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PHASE
• Phase is measured in degrees or radians.
• 360° ̶» 2π rad
• 1° ̶» 2π/360 rad
• 1 rad ̶» 360/(2π) °
• A phase shift 360 ° … shift of complete period
• A phase shift 180 ° … shift of one-half (½) of a period
• A phase shift 90 ° … shift of one quarter (¼) of a period
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TIME AND FREQUENCY DOMAINS
• A sine wave is comprehensively defined by its amplitude,
frequency, and phase.
• We have been showing a sine wave by using what is called a
time-domain plot.
• To show the relationship between amplitude and
frequency, we can use what is called a frequency-domain
plot. 15 of 17
TIME AND FREQUENCY DOMAINS
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TIME AND FREQUENCY DOMAINS
• The frequency domain is more compact and useful when we
are dealing with more than one sine wave.
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