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Output Devices

The document provides an overview of various output devices, focusing primarily on monitors, including CRT and LCD types, their functionalities, advantages, and drawbacks. It explains how CRTs work, detailing the electron beam process and phosphor properties, as well as comparing passive and active matrix LCDs. Additionally, it touches on monitor considerations, video cards, and sound systems, emphasizing their roles in enhancing user experience.

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othoiroy25
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5 views24 pages

Output Devices

The document provides an overview of various output devices, focusing primarily on monitors, including CRT and LCD types, their functionalities, advantages, and drawbacks. It explains how CRTs work, detailing the electron beam process and phosphor properties, as well as comparing passive and active matrix LCDs. Additionally, it touches on monitor considerations, video cards, and sound systems, emphasizing their roles in enhancing user experience.

Uploaded by

othoiroy25
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Nishat Tasnim Sithy

Output Devices
Lecturer
Dept of CSE
Eastern University
Monitors
+ Most common output device
+ Connects to the video card
+ Categorized by color output
o Monochrome
+ One color with black background
o Grayscale
+ Varying degrees of gray
o Color
+ Display 4 to 16 million colors

4A-2
Monitors +Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
o Most common type of monitor
o Electrons fired from the back
o Electrons excite phosphor to glow
o Phosphor is arranged in dots called
pixels
o Dot mask ensures proper pixel is lit
How CRT works
+It converts electrical signals (voltage, current) to visual signal.
+The electron gun contains a filament that, when heated, emits a
stream of electrons.
+Electrons are focused with an electromagnet into a sharp beam
and directed to a specific point of the face of the picture tube
+The front surface of the picture tube is coated with small
phosphor dots
+When the beam hits a phosphor dot it glows with a
brightness proportional to the strength of the beam and how long
it is hit

MAR 17, 2025 G RA P H I C S H A R D WA R E 4


How CRT works(cont.)
+In a CRT the focusing system acts like a light lens with a focal
length such that the center of focus is the screen.
+The horizontal and vertical deflectors allow the electron beam to
be focused on any spot on the screen.
+The screen is coated with a special organic compound called a
phosphor.
+For color systems there are groups of three different phosphors,
one to produce red shades, one for green shades, and one for
blue shades.

MAR 17, 2025 G RA P H I C S H A R D WA R E 5


How CRT works(cont.)
+Electrons hit the screen phosphor molecules and cause a ground
state to singlet excited state transition.
+Most of the phosphors relax back to the ground state by emitting
a photon of light which is called fluorescence.
o This happens very rapidly so that all of the molecules which
fluoresce do so in under a millisecond.
+These phosphors then emit light, called phosphorescence, that
decays slower but still rapidly (in about 15-20 milliseconds)
o So, there is the need to refresh the screen by redrawing the
image.

MAR 17, 2025 G RA P H I C S H A R D WA R E 6


The Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs)

MAR 17, 2025 G RA P H I C S H A R D WA R E 7


Phosphor
Phosphors – terms…
+Flourescence: Light emitted while the phosphor is being struck by
electrons
+Phosphorescence: Light emitted once the electron beam is
removed
+Persistence: The time from the removal of the excitation to the
moment when phospherescence has decayed to 10% of the initial
light output
o High persistence phosphors allow for a lower refresh rate,
avoids flickers
o Low persistence phosphors require a high refresh rate to
prevent flicker.
MAR 17, 2025 G RA P H I C S H A R D WA R E 8
Monitors

Focus Point +CRT color


o Phosphor dots arranged in
triads
o Red, green, and blue dots
o Three colors blend to make
colors
o Varying the intensity creates
new colors
+CRT drawbacks
o Very large
Monitors o Very heavy
o Use a lot of electricity
Monitors
+Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
o Commonly found on laptops
o Desktop versions exist
o Solve the problems of CRT
o Fluorescent lights provide
illumination
Monitors
+Passive vs Active Matrix LCD

Feature Passive Matrix LCD Active Matrix LCD

Controlled by row & column Each pixel has its own TFT
Pixel Control
electrodes (grid-based) transistor

Since signals have to travel


through the whole grid, it’s
Each TFT acts like its own
Speed & Clarity slower and can cause a
switch.
blurry display if the image
changes fast.

Consumes more power More efficient (only


Power Efficiency
(constant refreshing needed) updates necessary pixels)
Active vs Passive LCD
Monitors

+Drawbacks to LCD
o More expensive than CRT
o Must sit directly in front
of screen (bad viewing
experience from
angles)
o Can be more fragile than
CRT
High
Paper-white contrast
between
displays fore and
background

Other Electro-
Similar to
LCD

Types of luminescent
displays (ELD)
Uses
phosphor to
produce

Monitors light

Gas is
Plasma excited to
monitor produce
light
Monitors and Video Cards
+Monitors impacts user effectiveness
+Monitors should have
o Crisp text
o Clear graphics
o Adjustable controls
o Clear edges
Monitor Considerations:
• Size: Measured diagonally.
• Resolution: More pixels = sharper images.
• Refresh Rate: Higher rates reduce eyestrain.
• Dot Pitch: Smaller values mean finer images
o Distance between the same color dots
o Ranges between .15 mm and .40 mm
o Smaller creates a finer picture
o Should be less than .22
Images on different PPI
Same Screen Size but Different DPI
Video Cards
+Device between the CPU and monitor
+Better cards result in better output
+Removes the burden of drawing from CPU
+Have their processor and RAM
+Modern cards have up to 512 MB RAM
+Capable of rendering 3D images
Ergonomics and Monitors
+Eyestrain: Fatigue of the +Electronic magnetic fields
eyes (EMF)
o Steps to avoid o Generated by all electronic
+ Choose a good monitor devices
+ Place the monitor 2 – 3 feet away o EMF may be detrimental to health
+ Center of screen below eye level o Steps to avoid
+ Avoid reflected light + Keep the computer at arms length
+ Take frequent breaks
+ Use an LCD monitor
Data Projectors
+Replaced overhead and slide
projectors
+Project image onto wall or screen
+A series of mirrors control the
display
+LCD projectors
o Most common type of projector
o Small LCD screen
o Very bright light
o Require a darkened room
Sound Systems
 Integral part of the computer
experience
 Capable of recording and playback

+Sound card
o Device between the CPU and
speakers
o Converts digital sounds to analog
o Can be connected to several
devices
o Modern cards support Dolby
Surround Sound
Sound Systems
+Headphones and headsets
o Replacement for speakers and microphones
o Offer privacy
o Does not annoy other people
o Outside noise is not a factor
o Headsets have speakers and a microphone

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