READING READING AND WRITING SKILLS

IDENTIFIES THE UNIQUE

FEATURES AND
REQUIREMENTS IN COMPOSING
TEXTS THAT ARE USEFUL
ACROSS DISCIPLINE
Submitted by :
JAMES EVASCO
JAYMER BAUTISTA
JEZREEL DULFO
CARL JUSTINE MITRA
 READING READING AND
WRITING SKILLS

IDENTIFIES THE
Book Review or
UNIQUE FEATURES
Article Critique
AND REQUIREMENTS
Literature
IN COMPOSING TEXTS
Review
THAT ARE USEFUL
Research Report
ACROSS DISCIPLINE
Project Proposals
Position Paper
0
1
Book Review or Article
Critique
WHAT IS BOOK REVIEW?

A book review or article review is a critical analysis of the

material that describes, summarizes, and critiques the ideas
presented. The purpose of a book or article review
assignment is to broaden your knowledge base and
understanding of a topic.
 FEATURES
While book reviews vary in tone, subject, and style, they share some common
features. These include:

A review gives the reader a concise summary of the content. This

includes a description of the research topic and scope of analysis as
well as an overview of the book's overall perspective, argument, and
purpose.
A review offers a critical assessment of the content in relation to
other studies on the same topic. This involves documenting your
reactions to the work under review--what strikes you as noteworthy
or important, whether or not the arguments made by the author(s)
were effective or persuasive, and how the work enhanced your
understanding of the research problem under investigation.
.

• In addition to analyzing a book's strengths and weaknesses, a

scholarly review often recommends whether or not readers
would value the work for its authenticity and overall quality.
This measure of quality includes both the author's ideas and
arguments and covers practical issues, such as, readability
and language, organization and layout, indexing, and, if
needed, the use of non-textual elements.
When writing a book review or article critique, make sure to ask the following:
• What is the topic of the
book rarticle? What is its
purpose?
• Who are its intended
readers?
• Does the writer explicitly
state his/her thesis
statement?
• What theoretical assumptions (i.e., a scientific/logical
explanation without evidence) are mentioned in the
book or article? Are they explicitly discuss?
• What are the contributions of the book or article to the
•What problems and issues are discussed in the book
or article?
•What kind of information (e.g., observation, survey,
statistics, and historical accounts) are presented in
the book or article? How they are used to support
the arguments or thesis?
•Are there other ways of supporting the arguments or
thesis aside from the information used in the book or
article? Is the author silent about these alternative
ways of explanation?
•What is your overall reaction to the work?
REQUIREMENTS
• Read the article or book to be reviewed carefully to get its
main concept. Reread it to get the arguments being
presented.
• Relate the content of the article or book to what you already
know about the topic. This will make you more engaged with
the article or book.
• Focus on discussing how the book treats the topic and not a
topic itself. Start your sentences with phrases such as “this
book presents…’ and “The author argues…”
REQUIREMENTS

• Situate your review. This means that your analysis should

be anchored on the theories presented by the book or
article writer.
• Examine whether the findings are adequately supported or
not.
• Analyzed the type of analysis the writer use (e.g.,
quantitative, qualitative, case study) and how its supports
the arguments and claims.
REQUIREMENTS
• Suggest some ways on how the writer can improve his/her
reasoning or explanation. Discuss how the same topic is
explained from other perspective. Compare the writer’s
explanation of the topic to another expert from the same field of
study.
• Point out other conclusion or interpretations that the writer missed out.
Present other ideas that need to be examined.
• Examine the connections between ideas and how they affect the
conclusions and findings. Show your reactions to the writer’s idea
and present an explanation. You can either agree or disagree with the
ideas, as long as you can sufficiently support your stand.
.

• Suggest some alternative methods and processes of

reasoning that would result in a more conclusive
interpretation.

•Completing a book review or article critique means that you

can pinpoint the strengths and weaknesses of an article or
book and that you can identify different perspectives. This
task also equips you with more skills to engage in
discussions with an expert and makes you a part of a
community of scholars.
02
Literature Review
WHAT IS LITERATURE REVIEW?

A literature review is a type of academic writing that

provides an overview of a specific topic. It surveys
scholarly work such as academic books (but not
textbooks), computerize databases, conference
proceedings, dissertation’s/theses, empirical studies
government reports, historical records, journal article,
monographs, and statistical handbooks.
•As an advance form of academic writing, a literature
review critically analyzes the relationship among the
scholarly works and the current work. It can be
written as a stand-alone paper or as part of a
research paper explaining a theoretical framework
and related studies. Unlike an annotated bibliography
which presents a summary and synthesis (i.e., linking
different sources).
Below are the differences among the sources.

Annotated Literatur
Bibliograp Book e Review
hy Revie Reviews a significant
Summarizes the w number of scholarly
references and explain work to be identify
how important they are Evaluates a book what is known and not
in addressing the Review known about a topic
research questions
 FEATURES
This type of a review has the following
roles.

• Justifies a research questions, method or theoretical and conceptual

framework
• Establishes the relevant of the topic
• Provides necessary information to better understand a specific topic
or study
• Shows reviewers familiarity and mastery of the
topic Establishes a niche of the study
• Resolves conflict among contradictory studies
 REQUIREMENTS
Writing a literature review is composed of three distinct parts --literature
search, evaluation and analysis of articles and writing the literature review

Literature Search
Review the documentation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago) that you will
adopt and be familiar with its format in relation to writing a literature
review.
Choose and focus on a topic that you will explain.
Determine the kind and number of sources you will be using. Will your
literature review be exclusive to articles or will it include other documents?
Will you focus on experimental studies or will you also include theoretical
papers that explain a theory?
Survey the available online data bases relevant to your topic. These
include Proquest, Science Direct, JSTOR, or Google Scholar. As much as
possible, include only the references published by top journals and
publishers.
 REQUIREMENTS
Writing a literature review is composed of three distinct parts --literature
search, evaluation and analysis of articles and writing the literature review

Literature Search
Use relevant keywords when searching for scholarly documents or
article. For example, if your topic is about the impact of
Facebook-based e-portfolios on the writing skills of ESL learners,
your possible keywords are Facebook, ESL writing, e-portfolio,
portfolio assessment, Facebook-based e-portfolio, and social
networking site.
Always include landmark studies or papers (i.e., studies which had
remarkably changed the field) related to your topic.
Always evaluate the sources for coverage and currency. Include
only those article directly related to your topic.
 REQUIREMENTS
Writing a literature review is composed of three distinct parts --literature
search, evaluation and analysis of articles and writing the literature review

Evaluation and Analysis of Articles

Once you have identified and obtained the articles for your
review, analyze them before writing the actual literature
review. To do this, you may apply the following steps.
1.Skim the articles and read their abstracts.
2.Group the articles and other documents according to their
categories.
3.Take down notes. Focus on the research questions,
methodology used, major findings and their explanation,
and conclusion.
4. Summarize the details using a concept map.
In this way, you will see the relationship,
similarities and differences among the
articles.
5. Write a synthesis of the references you have
read before writing the actual literature
review.
6. Create an outline. You may look for other
literature reviews to serve as models for writing
REQUIREMENTS
Writing a literature review is composed of three distinct parts --literature
search, evaluation and analysis of articles and writing the literature review

Writing the Literature Review

Once all the materials are ready and you have clear outline of the ideas you
want to express, you may now start the actual writing process.
 State clearly your thesis or main argument and be guided by it
accordingly. If you say that no studies have been conducted on one
aspect of your topic, justify it.
 Direct the readers to other related literature reviews that cover items which
you do not intend to cover. You may use the citation format “(see Author,
year)” or follow the format prescribed by your chosen documentation style.
 Never treat a literature review as a series of annotated bibliography.
REQUIREMENTS
Writing a literature review is composed of three distinct parts --literature
search, evaluation and analysis of articles and writing the literature review

Writing the Literature Review

 Use headings and subheadings to classify the parts of your topic. For
each topic heading, analyze the differences among studies and look for
gaps. Note that each paragraph should focus on one aspect of the topic.
 Use effective transitions to make your review easier to read and
understand. The body of the literature review can be organized
thematically, methodologically or chronologically.
 Use direct quotations
sparingly. Classify importan
definitions.
03
Research Report
• WHAT IS RESEARCH REPORT?
• A research report is an expanded paper that
presents interpretations and analyses of a
phenomenon based on experiments and
previous information so that the readers can
better understand it. It is a laborious work
produced through formal investigation and
scientific inquiry.
 FEATURES
So how do you recognize a research report when you see one? Here are some of the basic
features that define a research report.

• It is a detailed presentation of research processes and

findings, and it usually includes tables and graphs.
• It is written in a formal language.
• A research report is usually written in the third person.
• It is informative and based on first-hand verifiable information. It
is formally structured with headings, sections, and bullet points.
• It always includes recommendations for future actions.
 REQUIREMENTS
Now that you are aware of the steps in writing a research report, follow the writing guidelines
below to ensure that your report is well-written.
1.Fiftyto seventy-five percent of the paper should be devoted to
results and discussion.
2.Be sure to cite all your sources whether they are paraphrased or
directly quoted.
3.As with the previous types of written works, use direct quotations
sparingly; paraphrase as much as possible.
4.Strictly follow the required documentation style.
5.Topics should be relevant, interesting, current, and manageable in
terms of resources, skills needed, and time. They should not be too
sensitive and too controversial.
6.Research questions should directly address the given topic or
thesis statement.
 04
Project Proposal
WHAT IS RESEARCH REPORT?

A project proposal is a highly persuasive and

informative documents that aims to address
a particular problem or issue. It is a bid or
offer to initiate a project for an individual or
a group. It usually ranges from 1,000 to
2,500 words depending on the complexity
of the project being proposed.
 FEATURES
A good project proposal specifies the following:

Goals and objectives that the project wants to accomplish; Project

plan that details how the set goals and objectives will be
accomplished;
Financial, human (e.g., experts, consultants), and technical (e.g.,
equipment and facilities) resources useful in implementing the
project; and
Budget that specifies how much money is needed and for
what purpose it will be spent.
 REQUIREMENTS
Preparing for a Project Proposal
1.Decide what the problem is and prepare a rough idea on how this problem
can be addressed.
2.Develop or select a framework that will help you organize your ideas
systematically.
3.Identify the organization that will probably fund your project. These can be
government agencies, non-governmental organizations, private companies,
and foundations, and international funding agencies.
4.Build your project proposal team and appoint a project leader who is
responsible for coordinating activities and communicating with the funding
agency.
5.Identify the organization that will probably fund your project. These can be
government agencies, non-governmental organizations, private companies
and foundations, and international funding agencies.
 REQUIREMENTS
in Preparing for a Project Proposal
7.Allot sufficient time for planning.
8.Involve all the team members by assigning specific
responsibilities to them.
9.Be realistic with your project proposal. Make sure that
your objectives and activities are within the given time
and resources.
10.Contact the funding agency if some items and
requirements are not clear to you.
11.Always put yourself in the shoes of the receiver of
the project proposal.
REQUIREMENTS
in Writing a Project Proposal
1.The title page must be unnumbered but it is considered page I;
the back page of the title page is unnumbered as well; but it is
considered page ii. The abstract, which follows after the title page,
is considered page 1 and must already be numbered.
2.Do not use abbreviations on the title page.
3.Attach the curriculum vitae of the personnel who are part of
them.
4.In the project implementation section, use a Gantt chart for
presenting the timeframe.
5. Write the abstract after you have completed
the report.
6. Study the successful proposals that are similar
to yours.
7. Be factual but use technical terms sparingly.
8. Choose a reader-friendly format
9. Use sections words to make your proposal
more dynamic.
05

Position Paper
WHAT IS POSITION PAPER?

A position paper is a type of academic writing that

presents one’s stand or viewpoint on a particular issue.
The main objective of writing a position paper is to take
part in a larger debate by stating your arguments and
proposed course of action.
FEATURES
Presenting the issue: Unless an issue is current, hotly
debated, and well- known to many readers, writers need
to identify the issue as well as explain it to readers. To
present the issue, writers may provide several kinds of
information; for example, they might place it in a historical
or cultural context, cite specific examples to make the
issue less abstract, show their personal interest, or
establish or redefine the terms of the debate.
Asserting a clear, unequivocal position: Writers of
position papers take sides. Their primary purpose is to
assert a position of their own and to influence the
readers’ thinking. This assertion is the main point of the
essay, its thesis. It tells the reader the writer’s position
on an issue. Usually it comes early in the essay, and
frequently it forecasts the stages of the argument as
well, identifying the main reasons that will be
developed in the course of the essay.
FEATURES
 Arguing directly for the position: Writers must provide reasons for
their positions. They do this with facts, statistics, examples and
anecdotes, quotes from experts, and analogies. Facts are
statements that can be proven objectively to be true. Although
statistics may be mistaken for facts, they often are only
interpretations or correlations of numerical data. Examples and
anecdotes, in contrast, tend not to make truth claims or pretend to
apply to everyone. Instead they present particular stories and vivid
images that work by appealing to readers’ emotions. Analogies are
comparisons that encourage readers to assume that what is true
about one thing is also true about something to which it is compared.
 Counter-arguing objections and opposing positions: Writers of position papers
try to anticipate likely objections and questions readers might raise as well
as opposing positions. Writers may then concede or refute this
counterargument. If the counterargument is thoughtful and reasonable, the
writer will concede. If however the criticism is flawed or weak, a writer will
refute it by poking holes in the logic and support of the counterargument.
 Establishing credibility: Readers judge the credibility of a position paper by the
way it presents the issue, argues for the position, and counter-argues
objections and opposing positions. Readers expect writers to advocate
forcefully for their positions, but at the same time they expect writers to avoid
misrepresenting other points of view, attacking opponents personally, or
manipulating readers’ emotions. A writer establishes credibility by creating a
bond of trust with readers; this is accomplished by demonstrating shared
values, beliefs, attitudes, and ideals.
 1. Begin the writing process with an in-depth research
.
about the issue at hand.
2.Be aware of the various positions about the issue and
explain and analyze them objectively.
3.Reflect on your position and identify its weaknesses.
4.Establish your credibility by citing reliable sources.
5.Present a unique way of approaching the issue.
6.Limit your position paper to two pages.
7.Analyze your target readers and align your arguments to
their beliefs, needs, interest, and motivations.

REQUIREMENTS
in Writing a Position Paper
8.Summarize the other side’s counterarguments and refute them with
evidence.
9.Define unfamiliar terms at first mention.
10.Use an active voice as much possible. This will make your tone dynamic and
firm.
11.Arrange your evidence logically using an inductive or deductive approach.
12.Check your paper for fallacies and revise accordingly.
13.Use ethical, logical, and emotional appeals. Ethical appeals relate to your credibility
and competence as writer, logical appeal refers to the rational approach in
developing and argument; emotional appeals pertain to feelings evoked during
arguments. Make sure to check your appeals to ensure that they are not fallacious.

REQUIREMENTS
in Writing a Position Paper
READING READING AND WRITING SKILLS

END
QUIZ

1. the material that describes, summarizes, and

critiques the ideas presented.
2. A literature review is a type of academic writing
that provides an overview of a specific topic.
3. It usually ranges from 1,000 to 2,500 words
depending on the complexity of the project being
proposed.
4. A research report is an expanded paper that
presents interpretations and analyses of a
phenomenon based on experiments and previous
information so that the readers can better
understand it.
5. The main objective of writing a position paper is to
take part in a larger debate by stating your arguments
and proposed course of action.
QUIZ

6-9. Below are the differences among the sources.

( 3tpyes )

10-14. 5tpyes of unique features and requirments in

composing text.
15. what is the our report
answer
1. Book R e v i e w o r Article C r i t i que
2. Literature Review
3. Project Proposal
4. Research Report
5. Position P a p e r
6-9
Annotated Bibliography
Book Review
Literature Review
answer

10-14
Book R e v i e w o r Article C r i t i que
Literature Review
Project Proposal
Research Report
Position P a p e r
15. IDENTIFIES THE UNIQUE FEATURES AND
REQUIREMENTS I N COMPOSING TEXTS THAT ARE
USEFUL ACROSS DISCIPLINE