Matter
Compounds Mixtures
Element and Solutions Suspensions
molecules
Compound
• Atoms of two or more different elements joined together by chemical
bonds.
• Made of elements in a specific ratio
• They have their own physical and chemical properties.
• They can only be separated by chemical process, not physically.
Types of compound
• (Element) + (Element) Compound
Sodium + Chlorine Sodium Chloride
• (Element) + (Compound) Compound
Oxygen + Carbonmonoxide Carbon dioxide
• (Compound) + (Compound) Compound
Carbon dioxide + Water Carbonic acid
Examples
• Water (H2O) is a compound made of molecule hydrogen (H) and oxygen
(O)
• Sand (SiO2) is a compound made of silicon (Si) and molecule oxygen (O)
• Methane (CH4) is a compound made of molecule carbon (C) and molecule
hydrogen (H)
• Potassium Chloride (KCl) is a salt composed of potassium and chlorine.
Naming chemical compounds
• If the compound contains a metal, the name of the metal comes first.
• When two elements react to form a compound, the name ends in –ide.
• If the compound also contain oxygen as its third element, the name ends in
–ate.
• If the compound contain hydrogen and oxygen, the name ends in hydroxide.
• When two non-metals are joined together, the prefix di- or tri- or mono- are
added to the second element.
Key terms
1. Carbonate : a compound that reacts with an acid to give carbon dioxide, a
salt and water
2. Chloride : salt that is formed when hydrochloric acid reacts with another
element
3. Hydroxide : a compound that contains one atom of oxygen and hydrogen
bonded together
4. Oxide : a compound that is formed when oxygen reacts with another
element
5. Sulfate : a salt that is formed when sulfuric acid reacts with another
element
Calcium oxide = quicklime
Calcium hydroxide solution = limewater (used by dentists and chemical reactions)
Carbon dioxide = (used in extinguishers)
Copper oxide = (used in pottery paint)
Potassium hydroxide = caustic potash
Sodium hydroxide = caustic soda Used in soap-making
Sodium chloride = common salt
Potassium chloride = (used in fertilizers)
Calcium chloride = (used in drying materials)
Calcium sulfate = Plaster of Paris (POP) (Used to make casts)
Copper sulfate = (used in making medicine)
Calcium carbonate = found in egg shells, pearls and limestones
Copper carbonate = (used as ornaments)
Mixture
• Composed of two or more separate substances that are only physically
joined together ( not chemically )
• The substances may be different elements, an element and a compound or
two or more compounds.
• Substances are held together by physical forces.
• There is no chemical change that takes place
• Each item retains its properties in the mixture
• They can be separated physically.
Mixture
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
The substance that is The substance is not
uniformly mixed uniformly mixed
Air, solutions Salad, sand + water
Properties
• No chemical change occurs when a mixture is formed
• The properties of a mixture are the properties of the substances with
which is made
• A mixture can be separated easily by physical methods
• The proportion of the constituents in a mixture are not fixed.
Type of mixture Examples
Solid + Solid Soil contain clay, silt and sand
Solid + Liquid Clay and water – the clay particles are suspended in the water and make a mixture
called a suspension.
If the solid dissolves, a solution is made
Solid + Gas Smoke
Liquid + Liquid Milk is made from tiny droplets of oil in water – this type of mixture is called an
emulsion
Some paints are also emulsions
Liquid + Gas Mist is tiny droplets of water mixed with air
A suspension of liquid droplets in a gas is called an aerosol
Gas + Liquid Foam is formed by bubbles of gas trapped in a liquid
Gas + Gas Air contain nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and many other gases
Mixture vs Compounds
Mixture Compound
Variable composition (you can vary Fixed composition (you cannot vary
Composition the amount of each substances in the amount of each element in the
the mixture) compound)
The different substances are not The different elements are
Joined together or not chemically joined together chemically joined together
Each substance in the mixture keeps The compound has properties
Property its own properties different from the elements it
contains.
Each substance can be easily It can only be separated into its
Separation separated from the mixture elements using chemical reaction
Example Air, seawater, most of the rocks Water, carbon dioxide, magnesium
oxide, sodium chloride
Alloys
• Mixture of metals
E.g., Bronze, Brass, Steels
• In pure metals, particles are arranged in organized layers.
• When force is applied, the layers slide over each other and distorting
the metal.
• The alloy is harder than the pure metal.
• The particles of the new element that form the alloy stop the particles
of the original metals from moving about as freely.
• This is why the alloy is harder and stronger than pure metals.
Alloy Metals Properties Uses
Alnico Iron, aluminium, nickel, cobalt Strongly magnetic Magnets
Aluminium Copper, aluminium, tin Corrosion resistant,
lightweight and strong
Fittings on boats and ships
bronze
Brass Copper, zinc Corrosion resistant, strong Electrical plug pin,
and shiny ornaments
Bronze Copper, tin Corrosion resistant,
attractive
Coin, bells, statues
Duralumin Aluminium, copper Corrosion resistant,
lightweight and strong
Aircraft bodies
Solder Lead, tin Low melting point Joining metals, electrical
Solution
A homogenous mixture of two or more substance
Solute
The substance that is dissolved in a solvent to form solution
Solvent
The substance in which the solute dissolves to form a solution
