SHADOW PROJECT – BMW-ICON

REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS AND

TRACEABILITY

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Candidate Details
Candidate Name/ Names – Thejaswini M S
Candidate PS No/Nos - 40905463
BU Mentor Name - Pavan Pushya
GEA Mentor Name - Sankalp

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Shadow Project/ OJT/ BU Training

Objective & Deliverables

Introduction

Project Plan

Progress & Status

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Objective and Deliverables
• Project Abstract
To increase the requirement coverage and bring 100% Traceability for Diagnostic
Feature

• Key Deliverables
Test Coverage Matrix with Test cases in Spread sheet.

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Introduction – Self/Team Members
Project Name : BMW-ICON REQIUREMENT ANALYSIS AND TRACEABILITY
Team Size : 1

Name: Thejaswini M S
PS No :40905463
Embedded Track
Bachelor of
Engineering(ECE)

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Concepts involved to understand about the project are:

 Types of Modems and the evolution of 2G to 5G

 Concept of Wi-fi and Bluetooth
 Comparison of GNSS and GPS
 Concept of eSim and bSim
 Concept of V2X
 V-model and role of testers in v-model
 Concept of Waterfall Model
 Concept of Agile Model
 Concept of Scrum
 Software Testing Life Cycle(STLC)
 Data Communication and Devices
 Requirement Analysis and its Types
 Technical Requirement
 Concept of creating the Test Objective from Mind map
 Concept of Traceability
 Requirement Traceability Matrix[RTM]
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Types of Modem and its Evolution
 Modem: It is a combination of both Modulation and Demodulation
 Types of Modem:
 Cable modem: A hardware component known as a cable modem enables your computer to connect via
a landline to an Internet service provider (ISP).
 Satellite modem: The main function is to transform an input bitstream to a radio signal and vice versa.
 Dial modem: This modem converts between analog form and digital form.

 Digital Subscribe Line(DSL) modem: A device used to connect a or to a which provides the Digital
Subscriber Line (DSL) service for connection to the devices.it.

 Evolution From 2G to 5G
• 2G
It has 900MHz of band and data rate up to 64Kbps
It introduces digital voice communication and SMS
• 3G
Enabling multimedia devices like video calls, mobile internet etc..,
It operates at 2.1GHz and bandwidth up to 2Mbps
• 4G
More data transfer speed compared to 3G
It operates in 2.6GHz of frequency band and bandwidth up to 100Mbps
• 5G
it operates from 24 to 100GHz and up to 10G bit/sec
Designed to handle massive amounts of data

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Wi-Fi and Bluetooth
 Wi-Fi:
Infotainment systems in vehicles typically connect to Wi-Fi networks using the vehicle’s own
personal Wi-Fi network, rather than using others.
There are different versions of Wi-Fi:
• 802.11:It worked on a 2.4 GHz frequency. This supports a maximum speed of 1 megabit per second
(Mbps).
• 802.11b (Wi-Fi 1):It is also worked on a 2.4 GHz frequency and speed of 11 Mbps.
• 802.11a (Wi-Fi 2):operated at a 5 GHz frequency.
• 802.11g (Wi-Fi 3):It works on a 2.4 GHz frequency, speed would be capped at 11 Mbps
• 802.11n (Wi-Fi 4): it supports both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz
 Bluetooth:
Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology standard that is used for exchanging data between two
devices. The short-range about 10 metres.
Different versions of Bluetooth :
• Bluetooth 1.0:transmission speeds to 721Kbps with advanced signal processing techniques and faster
connection discovery.
• Bluetooth 2.0:the total data transfer speeds to 2.1Mbps, whereas Bluetooth 2.1 upped it to 3Mbps.
• Bluetooth 3.0: It supports the speed of up to 24Mbps.
• Bluetooth 4.0:Bluetooth 4.0 offers a maximum data transfer rate of 1 Mbps (megabits per second),
which is suitable for most applications.
• Bluetooth 5.0: offering a maximum data transfer rate of 2 Mbps.
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 Comparison of GNSS and GPS:
Concept of eSim and bSim:
Aspect GNSS GPS eSim(embedded SIM): is a small chip
embedded directly into a device, such as
Abbreviation Global navigation Global positioning
satellite system(GPS) smartphone,or wearable device, eliminating the
system(GNSS) need for a physical SIM card.
Roles of eSim:
Satellite Systems Consists of multiple Refers to specifically  Subscriber Identity
Included satellite the Global
constellations Positioning Systems  Network Authentication
 Profile Management
 Security
Coverage Offers broader Offers less coverage
coverage compared to GNSS bSim or Physical Sim: it helps to get
information about the services and many more.
Accuracy Provides more Provides less
accurate positioning accurate positioning
Role of bSim:
information. information  More Convenient
compared to GNSS.  Informative
Reliability More Less

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Concept of V2X
This connectivity allows for exchange of real-time data and
information, enhancing road safety, traffic efficiency, and
overall transportation systems. This involves the V2V, V2I,
V2P, V2H, V2D, etc..,
Types of V2X:

 Vehicle-to-Vehicle(V2V): is a smart technology that enables

vehicle data to exchange from one vehicle to another.
 Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I): captures data such as
traffic congestion, weather advisories, traffic light status, and
then wirelessly transmits it to inform drivers of conditions
they need to be aware of which aids in safety.
 Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P) :covers the connection
between the vehicle and roadside users.
 Vehicle-to-Device(V2D): that consists in the exchange of
information between a vehicle and any electronic device that
may be connected to the vehicle itself.
 Vehicle-to-home (V2H): is a technology that allows
electric vehicles (EVs) to power homes and businesses. -o-
home (V2H): is a technology that allows electric vehicles (Es) to
power homes and businesses.
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V-Model
The V-model is a type of SDLC model where the process executes in a sequential
manner in a V shape.
It is also called as Verification and Validation Model
 V-model Design:
•Requirements Gathering and Analysis
•Design
•Implementation
•Testing
•Deployment
•Maintenance

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V-Model Phases

Verification Phases:
Validation Phases:
Requirement Analysis: it includes the Unit Testing: This unit test plans are
communication with the customer to executed to remove the bugs at code
understand the requirements of the or unit level.
customer.
Integration Testing: the modules
System Design: this step starts after that are integrated in a system is
completion of requirement step and then tested.
need to design the system completely. System Testing: it tests the
Architecture Design: In this stage functional and non-functional
architectural specifications are requirements of the developed
comprehended and designed. application.
Acceptance Testing: In this phase it
Module Design: In this stage the checks whether the developed
internal design foe each system is done. system reached the customer
Coding Phase: this stage includes requirements or not.
writing a code for the system that are
designed in a designed phase.

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Role of Tester’s in V-model
Unit Testing: This testing is done by the Developer
Integration Testing: This testing is done by the Development Team.
System Testing: This testing is done by the Testing Team.
Acceptance Testing: This testing is done by the Tester.

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Waterfall Model

 The classical waterfall model is the basic software development life

cycle model.
• It is used when the requirements are well-defined, and the project
goals are clear.
 Phases of Waterfall Model:
 Requirements Gathering and analysis: It involves the gathering
of requirements from the stakeholders and analysing them.
 Design Phase: This involves creating a detailed design document
that outlines the software architecture.
 Development: This involves development of software according to
the design.
 Implementation and testing: The software is tested as a whole to
ensure that it meets the requirements and is free from defects.
 Deployment: once everything is done, the software is given to the
stakeholders.
 Maintenance: this involves fixing any issues that arise after
software has been deployed and ensuring that it continues to meet
the requirements over time.
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Agile Model
 The Agile Methodology is one of the SDLC model
 The approach is that emphasizes flexibility, collaboration, and
customer-centricity.
 It follows the iterative as well as incremental approach
Phases of the Agile Model:
 Requirement Gathering: It involves the gathering of requirements
from the stakeholders and analysing them.
 Design: This involves creating a detailed design document that
outlines the software architecture.
 Development (Coding): Writing the actual code for the software
 Testing: This Phase includes the testing of the developed software,
and to verify whether the software meets requirements.
 Deployment: After the Testing phase the developed software is
given to the End user
 Maintenance: After the Deployment phase , if there is any changes
that are required in the developed software that are updated in this
phase.
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Scrum Model
 Scrum is one of the type in the Agile methodology
 It is a framework within which people can address complex adaptive
problem while productivity and creativity of delivering product is at
highest possible values.
 Silent features of Scrum are:
 Scrum is light-weighted framework
 Scrum is simple to understand
 Scrum framework help the team to work together
 Lifecycle of Scrum:
 Sprint: A Sprint is a time box of one month or less. A new Sprint starts
immediately after the completion of the previous Sprint.
 Release: When the product is completed, it goes to the Release stage.
 Sprint Review: If the product still has some non-achievable features, it
will be checked in this stage and then passed to the Sprint Retrospective
stage.
 Sprint Retrospective: In this stage quality or status of the product is
checked.
 Product Backlog: According to the prioritize features the product is
organized.
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Concept of Software Testing Life Cycle(STLC)
• The software Testing Life Cycle (STLC) is a systematic approach to testing a
software applications to ensure that it meets the requirements and is free
from defects.
• This process that follows a series of steps or phases, and each phase has a
specific objectives and deliverables.
 Phases of STLC
 Requirement Analysis: In this phase the quality assurance team understand
the requirements like what is to be tested. If anything is missing or not
understandable then the team meets with the stakeholder’s to better
understand the detailed knowledge of the requirement.
 Test Planning: Here all testing plans are defined and also calculates the
estimated effort and cost for the testing work.
 Test Case Development: Here testing team note down the detailed test cases
and also prepares the required test data for the testing.
 Test Environment Setup: This decides the conditions on which software is
tested. And this is independent activity and can be started along with the test
case development.
 Test Execution: In this phase the testing team starts executing the test cases
based on the prepared test cases.
 Test Closure: Here all the testing-related activities are completed and
documented.
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 Data Communication:  Parallel Communication: It is process of sending a
group of data simultaneously by using multiple data
Data Communication is a process of sending and receiving a line
data between two device.
 Types of Data communication:
Serial communication: It is a process of sending one bit of
data at a time by using single data line.

 Communication Device:
 It is a hardware device capable of transmitting an
analog or digital signal over the telephone , other
communication wire or wirelessly
 Communication Devices are Bluetooth, smartphones,
laptops etc..,
 The main purpose of this is to enable two or more
devices can share the information with each other.

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Advantage of using serial communication in Automotive
Longer distance of communication.
Simpler Hardware.
It can be send or receive the data simultaneously.
Minimal chances of error and noise.
One bit of data can be sent at a given timeslot.
Communication Device that use Serial communication are: Ethernet, USB(universal
Serial Bus), Bluetooth, Modem etc..,

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Requirement Analysis and Types of Requirement Analysis
• It is the process of determining the user expectations for a new or modified product.
• This analysis is essential concept for software development or software project
development.
Types of Requirement Analysis:

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Technical Requirement
Technical Requirement Document is the main aspect for keep everything together when
working on a project.
This document involves the features and functions and all the requirements that are
necessary for end product.
In the technical requirement document, we are using Sys2 document.
Project Scope:
This involves the understanding of the requirement and features and functionalities and
the goal that are required for the end product.

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Concept of creating the Test Objective from Mind map
 For creating this test objective, we are using mind map tool.
 Before creating any test objective , the requirement and the possible conditions
should be analyzed.
Based on this below figure shows the sample of creating Test Objective:

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Concept of Traceability
Traceability is comprises of two words that is Trace and Ability
Trace - to find something
Ability – is nothing but capability
Traceability – It is an ability to trace the requirements(relationship) or to find any risk
Advantage : can able to find the requirement or any defects or risk
Types of Traceability:
Source Traceability: These are the links between the requirements to stakeholders, who
proposed these requirements.
Requirement Traceability: These are the links between the dependent requirement.
Design Traceability: These are the links between the requirements to the design.
Code Traceability: These are the links between the requirements to the code.
Testing Traceability: These are the links between the requirements to the Test cases.

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Requirement Traceability Matrix[RTM]
Traceability Matrix: It is a document to map all the requirements and to check the current
project requirement met or not.
Requirement Analysis Matrix:
It is a document that maps and traces user requirement and with all the test scenarios and
test cases.
Main purpose of RTM is to validate that all the requirements are checked via test cases
such that no functionality is unchecked during software testing.
Why it is Important?
Each test case is traced back to each requirement in the RTM. Therefore, there is less
chance of missing any requirement in testing, and 100% test coverage can be achieved.
The Traceability matrix can help the tester identify whether by adding any requirement
previous requirements are affected or not.

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Parameters of Requirement Traceability Matrix (RTM):
Requirement ID
 Requirement description
 Test cases ID
 Test case status
Types of Traceability Matrix
Forward traceability matrix: we mapped the requirements
with the test cases. Here we can verify that all requirements are
covered in test cases and no functionality is missing in test
cases.
Backward traceability matrix: we mapped the test cases with
the requirements. Here we can verify that no extra test case is
added which is not required as per our requirements.
Bi-directional traceability matrix: A bi-directional
traceability matrix is a combination of a forward traceability
matrix and a backward traceability matrix. Here we verify the
requirements and test cases in both ways.
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Thank You !