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Network Reference Models

The document outlines network reference models, specifically the OSI and TCP/IP models, which provide frameworks for understanding and implementing network communication. The OSI model consists of seven layers, each with specific functions, protocols, and associated devices that facilitate data transfer and communication across networks. These layers range from the Physical Layer, which handles raw data transmission, to the Application Layer, which provides services directly to end users.

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36 views

Network Reference Models

The document outlines network reference models, specifically the OSI and TCP/IP models, which provide frameworks for understanding and implementing network communication. The OSI model consists of seven layers, each with specific functions, protocols, and associated devices that facilitate data transfer and communication across networks. These layers range from the Physical Layer, which handles raw data transmission, to the Application Layer, which provides services directly to end users.

Uploaded by

malombeinnocent7
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NETWORK REFERENCE MODELS

network model is a framework that describes how different elements within a


network interact to enable communication and data transfer between devices.

Use of network model


 Network models provide structured ways to understand, design, and
implement networks.
 They define how data flows, how devices connect, and the rules (protocols)
that govern communication across networks
Types of network models
1. OSI network model
Open System Interconnection (OSI)

2. TCP/IP network model


Transfer control protocol (TCP) or Internet Protocol (IP)
OSI NETWORK MODEL
• This is a standard reference model for communication between two nodes in a
network.

• The OSI model was developed by International Standard Organization in 1984 to


provide standard model that will help network developers to be designing
networks that work together (interoperability) without incompatibility issues.

• This model was divided into 7 distinct layers for a number of reasons
 Simplification of complex process

 Modularity or independence

 Interoperability Across Different Systems


OSI LAYERS
The following are the 7 OSI layers

7. Application Layer

6. Presentation Layer

5. Session Layer

4. Transport Layer

3. Network Layer

2. Data Link Layer

1. Physical Layer
Layer 7 : Application Layer
This is the top most layer and it serves as the window for users and application to access network services.

Function:

It provide network services directly to the end user such as Web browsing, Generate request for data

transmission or open received information and Remote file or device access

Protocols

Protocols used by application layer are HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol), FTP (File Transfer Protocol),

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) and DNS (Domain Name System).

Devices

The following are some of the network devices used by application layer

 Gateways
 Firewall
Layer 6 : Presentation Layer
This is a program usually part of operating system that formats data for proper transmission or to be receive. E.g

ASCII to EBCDIC.

As such it’s also called Syntax layer

Function: Translates data between the application layer and the network. It handles data format conversion, data

encryption, and data compression

Protocols

These are data formats used in this layer; SSL/TLS (for encryption), data encoding like ASCII, EBCDIC, JPEG,

MPEG.

Network devices

The following are some of the network devices used by application layer

 Gateways

 Firewall
Layer 5: Session Layer
This layer establishes, coordinates and terminates connections or Processes (called Session) running on different
machine.

Function:

 Sets up transmission sessions between communicating devices for synchronizing data exchange.

Protocols:

The following are some of the protocols used

 Remote Procedure Call (RPC), Point to Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP), OSI Session Layer Protocol (ISO-

SP) and SQL

Devices :

 Gateway
Layer 4 : Transport Layer
Transport layer splits message from session layer into smaller units and pass it to network layer. At
destination station, it reassembles the message again.

Function:

 Manages data transmission over the network through Flow control, error checking, data

segmentation and reassembly to ensure reliability

Protocols:

 Transport Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and Sequential Packet Exchange

(SPX)

Network device :

 Gateway
Layer 3 : Network Layer
This layer handles routing of the data packets to the right destination and also receives incoming packets.

This is possible because the packets are assigned source and destination addresses

Function:

 Assign address information to the data packets then routs it to the intended destination.

 It also checks addresses of the incoming packets, and accepts only the one sent to that device

Protocols

• Internet Protocol (IP), Internet Packet exchange (IPX), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP),

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

Network Device:

• Router
Layer 2: Data-Link Layer
This layer ensures that data is delivered accurately and efficiently across the physical network. This is

achieved by organizing data into frames, addressing devices, detecting and correcting errors, controlling the

data flow, and managing access to the physical medium.

It converts the frame into bits and vise versa

Function:

It packs data into frames and add error checking information

Protocols:

Ethernet, Token ring, Point to Point protocol (PPP), Wireless Access Protocol (WAP) and serial Line Interent

Protocol (SLIP)

Network devices

Switch, Bridge, NIC


Layer 1: Physical Layer

This layer is responsible for transmission and reception of raw binary data (bits) over a physical medium, such
as copper wires, fiber optics, or radio waves.

 It defines the hardware equipment and physical connections, along with the procedures and functions that

convert data into electrical, optical, or radio signals for transmission across a network

Function:

The Physical layer converts binary data (0s and 1s) from the Data Link layer into signals (electrical, optical, or
radio) that can be transmitted across the physical medium. It also receives these signals from the medium and
converts them back into binary data for processing by the upper layers.

Protocol:

 These is no protocol, just encoding techniques e.g. Bit streaming, and transmission technique e.g. Baseband

and broadband

Devices: Hub and Repeater

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