REAL-TIME OPERATING

SYSTEMS (RTOS) AND THEIR

APPLICATIONS

PRESENTED BY:
KHIZAR ABBAS
USMAN AMEER
TAYYAB MEHMOOD
OVERVIEW

• Introduction to RTOS
• Core Concepts and Types
• Advanced Concepts and Architectures
• Applications of RTOS
• Emerging Trends and Future Challenges
WHAT IS AN RTOS.
An operating system designed to process data and respond within
a guaranteed time constraint.
Key Features:
• Predictable Operation: Executes tasks within defined time
limits.
• Real-Time Task Scheduling: Manages tasks based on priority
and deadlines.
• Low Latency & High Reliability: Ensures quick response and
dependable operation
 CORE CONCEPTS OF RTOS
•Scheduler
Manages the execution order of tasks based on priority and
deadlines.
•Tasks
Independent units of execution designed to perform specific
operations.
•Real-Time Clock (RTC)
Ensures precise timing and synchronization for real-time
operations.
•Priority Levels
Determines the importance of tasks, ensuring critical tasks are
executed first.
TYPES OF RTOS

Hard RTOS Soft RTOS

• Strict Timing: Always meets • Flexible Timing: Allows some

timing requirements without delays, but aims for timely
delay. responses.

• Example: Used in critical • Example: Used in multimedia

streaming, where occasional
systems like pacemakers or
delay is acceptable but
car safety features where
performance remains good.
timing is crucial.
RTOS VS. GENERAL-PURPOSE OS

• Latency
• RTOS: Ensures minimal delay, ideal for real-time applications.
• General-Purpose OS: May have higher delay due to
multitasking.

• Determinism
• RTOS: Task completion is predictable and time-bound.
• General-Purpose OS: Task completion can vary based on system
load.
RTOS VS. GENERAL-PURPOSE OS

• Resource Management
• RTOS: Optimized for managing resources in real-time.
• General-Purpose OS: Focuses more on making things easy to use
rather than strictly managing resources.

• Applications
• RTOS: Used in aerospace, robotics, healthcare, and other mission-critical
systems.
• General-Purpose OS: Used in personal computers, smartphones, and
everyday computing.
 ADVANCED CONCEPTS IN RTOS:
SCHEDULING ALGORITHMS

•Rate Monotonic Scheduling (RMS): Assigns fixed priorities to tasks

based on their period. Shorter periods get higher priority.

•Earliest Deadline First (EDF): Tasks with the closest deadlines are
given the highest priority.
TASK SYNCHRONIZATION AND
COMMUNICATION
Mechanisms

•Mutexes and Semaphores: Ensure safe sharing of resources among

tasks.

•Message Queues: Enable communication and data exchange between

tasks.

•Interrupt Service Routines (ISR): Handle real-time events quickly and

efficiently.
MEMORY MANAGEMENT IN RTOS

Static Allocation:
Memory is allocated at compile time with fixed sizes, ensuring predictability.
Dynamic Allocation:
Memory is allocated during runtime, providing flexibility for varying task
needs.
Techniques to Avoid Fragmentation:
• Memory Pooling: Preallocates fixed-size memory blocks for tasks.
• Buddy System: Splits memory into power-of-two-sized blocks to efficiently
manage varying allocation sizes.
SECURITY AND RELIABILITY IN RTOS

Challenges:
• Real-time system security threats such as unauthorized access and data
tampering.
• Vulnerabilities in resource management leading to race conditions or
deadlocks.
• Lack of robust security features due to prioritization of performance over
security.
• Limited processing resources constraining advanced security
implementations.
SOLUTIONS

• Encryption and Secure Boot: Protect data during storage and transmission and
ensure only trusted software runs.
• Fault Tolerance with Redundancy: Use backup processors or mirrored memory
to recover from failures.
• Access Control and Authentication: Enforce permissions and verify
user/device identities.
• Regular Updates and Patching: Address vulnerabilities with the latest patches.
• Real-Time Monitoring and Intrusion Detection: Detect anomalies and
prevent attacks in real-time.
APPLICATIONS OF RTOS

Embedded Systems
• Automotive ECUs:
• Real-time control for braking, engine management, and ADAS.
• Industrial Automation:
• Precise timing in robotics and process controls.
APPLICATIONS OF RTOS

Healthcare
• Medical Monitoring Systems:
• Vital signs monitoring (ECG, ventilators).
• Imaging Systems:
• CT scanners and MRI machines.
Aerospace
• Navigation Systems:
• GPS and guidance in aircraft and spacecraft.
APPLICATIONS OF RTOS

Consumer Electronics
• Smart Home Devices:
• Powers IoT devices like smart thermostats and lighting
systems.

• Wearables:
• Real-time health tracking in smartwatches and fitness bands.
EMERGING TRENDS IN REAL-TIME
OPERATING SYSTEMS (RTOS)

1. Integration with IoT

• RTOS powers real-time data processing in IoT edge
devices.
• Enables seamless communication and responsiveness for
smart systems.
2. AI in RTOS
• Incorporates machine learning for intelligent decision-
making.
• Enhances predictive maintenance, adaptive control, and
EMERGING TRENDS IN REAL-TIME
OPERATING SYSTEMS (RTOS)

3.Autonomous Systems
• RTOS is critical for real-time operations in drones and self-
driving cars.
• Ensures safety, precision, and responsiveness in dynamic
environments.
FUTURE CHALLENGES IN REAL-TIME
OPERATING SYSTEMS (RTOS)
1. Scalability
• Adapting to Complex Systems:
• RTOS needs to support large-scale, multi-core processors and complex
systems with diverse workloads.

2. Energy Efficiency
• Reducing Power Consumption:
• Real-time systems must optimize energy use, especially in battery-
operated devices like wearables, drones, and IoT devices.
FUTURE CHALLENGES IN REAL-TIME
OPERATING SYSTEMS (RTOS)

3. Hybrid Systems

• Combining RTOS with General-Purpose OS:

• Integration of RTOS with general-purpose operating
systems (like Linux) for handling advanced applications
that require both real-time and general computing
capabilities.