CLASS 11 : COMPUTER

SCIENCE

Chapter 4:
Theoretical
concepts of
Operating
System
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Introduction to Software
A soft ware is set of instructions that perform
specific task. It interacts basically with the
hardware to generate the desired output.

Types of Software

1) Application Software: Application software

is a set of programs to perform specific task.
For example MS-word is an application
software to create text document and VLC
player is familiar application software to play
audio, video files and many more.
2) System Software: System software is a
type of computer program that is designed to
run the computer’s hardware and application
programs. Example Operating System and
Language Processor
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Eg : Ms.office, Photoshop,etc.,
Introduction to Operating System
(OS)

 An Operating System (OS) is a system

software which serves as an interface between
a user and a computer

 This controls input, output and other peripheral

Insert or Drag & Drop Photo

devices.

 The functions of an Operating System include

file management, memory management,
process management and device management
and many more.

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Introduction to Operating System
(OS)

 Without an Operating System, a computer cannot

effectively manage all the resources.

 When a computer is switched on, the operating

system is loaded in to the memory automatically.

 Some of the popular Operating Systems are:

 Windows, UNIX and Linux. • The mobile devices

mostly use Android and ioS as mobile OS

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Uses of Operating Systems

 The main use of Operating System is to ensure that

a computer can be used to extract what the user
wants it do.

 Easy interaction between the users and computers.

 Starting computer operation automatically when

power is turned on (Booting).

 Controlling Input and Output Devices

 Manage the utilisation of main memory.

 Providing security to user programs.

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Types of Operating System

 Single User Operating Systems An operating

system that allows only a single user to perform a
task at a time is known as a Single user and single
Task operating system. MS-DOS is an example for a
single user and single task Operating System

 Multi-user Operating Systems It is used in

computers and laptops that allow same data and
applications to be accessed by multiple users at the
same time. The users can also communicate with
each other. Windows, Linux and UNIX are examples
for multi-user Operating System
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Key features of the Operating
System

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User Interface (UI)

 User interface is the only way that user can make interaction with a
computer.

 This is a main reason for key success of GUI (Graphical User

Interface) based Operating System.

 The GUI is a window based system with a pointing device to direct

I/O, choose from menus, make selections and a keyboard to enter
text.

 Its vibrant colours attract the user very easily

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User Interface (UI)
 User interface is the only way that user can make interaction with a computer.

 This is a main reason for key success of GUI (Graphical User Interface) based
Operating System.

 The GUI is a window based system with a pointing device to direct I/O, choose
from menus, make selections and a keyboard to enter text.

 Its vibrant colours attract the user very easily

The following points are considered when User Interface is designed
for an application.
1. The user interface should enable the user to retain this expertise for a
longer time.
2. The user interface should also satisfy the customer based on their needs.
3. The user interface should save user’s precious time.
4. The ultimate aim of any product is to satisfy the customer. The User 9

Interface is also to satisfy the customer.

 Memory Management

 It is the process of controlling and coordinating computer’s main memory and the
allocation of specific memory blocks to individual programs based on user
demands.

 The objective is to improve both the utilization of the CPU and the speed of the
computer’s response to its users via main memory. For these reasons the
computers must:

 Keep track of which portion of memory are currently being used and who is using
them.

 Determining which processes (or parts of processes) and data to move in and out
of memory.

 Allocation and de-allocation of memory blocks as needed by the program in main

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memory. (Garbage Collection)
 Process management

 Process management includes creating and deleting processes(program) and

providing mechanisms for processes to communicate and synchronize with each
other. A system task, such as sending output to a printer or screen, can also be
called as a Process.

 A computer processes are classified as :

 Operating System processes which is executed by system code

 User Processes which is execute by user code

 All these processes can potentially execute concurrently on a single CPU.

 The following algorithms are mainly used to allocate the job (process) to the
processor.
 1. FIFO
 SJF 11
 Round Robin
 Fault Tolerance

 The Operating Systems should be robust. When there is a fault, the Operating
System should not crash, instead the Operating System have fault tolerance
capabilities and retain the existing state of system

 File Management :

The operating System manages the files, folders and directory systems on a computer.

- The FAT(File Allocation Table) stores general information about files like filename, type
(text or binary), size, starting address and access mode. The file manager of the operating
system helps to create, edit, copy, allocate memory to the files and also updates the FAT.

- There are few other file management techniques available like Next Generation File
System (NTFS) and ext2 (Linux).

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 Multi-Processing
• It has two or more processors for a single running process (job).

• Processing takes place in parallel is known as parallel processing.

• Since the execution takes place in parallel, this feature is used for high speed
execution which increases the power of computing.

Time-sharing
• It allows execution of multiple tasks or processes concurrently.

• For each task a fixed time is allocated.

• This division of time is called Time- sharing.

• The processor switches rapidly between various processes after a time is elapsed
or the process is completed

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 Distributed Operating Systems
• The Distributed Operating System is used to access shared data and files
that reside in any machine around the world using internet/intranet.

• The users can access as if it is available on their own computer.

• The advantages of distributed Operating System are as follows:

 A user at one location can make use of all the resources available at
another location over the network.
 Many computer resources can be added easily in the network

 Improves the interaction with the customers and clients. • Reduces the
load on the host computer

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Prominent Operating Systems

• UNIX • Microsoft Windows • Linux • iOS •

Android

Modern operating systems use a Graphical User

Interface(GUI).
A GUI let us use mouse to click icons, buttons, menus .

Everything, is clearly displayed on the screen using a combination of

graphics and text elements.

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