Introduction to

Computing
IT ELECTIVE
Objective
● Define a Computer.
● Identify the basic parts of a computer.
● Identify the basic functions of a computer.
● Differentiate data from information
 What is
Computer?
By modern definition, a computer
is an electronic device that accepts
(inputs), processes, stores, and
outputs data at a high speeds
according to programmed
instructions.
 Computer Elements Computers are able
to transform or
Means all Computers are able manipulate data it
computers are to store huge has stored into
Electronic
powered by Storage
amount of data for Process
useful information.
electricity. future use

01 02 03 04 05
Programmab
Computer follow set Retrieve
Computers are able
le
of instructions in to get back or
order to operate. return whatever it
has stored.
 Data &
0 Informatio
1 n
 Data
is raw, unprocessed facts. It has the potential
to become useful information, but first it has
to be manipulated and transformed.
 123456
$123,456
654321
$654,321
 Informati
Is the processed data. It is a
on
data that has already
manipulated into something
useful.
Account $123,456
balance:$654,321
$654,321
Amount
Winthdrawn$123,456
 Data
Data is unrefined
Informatio
facts and figures and
utilizes as input for
noutput
Information is the
of processed
the computer data.
system.
Data is an individual Information is the
unit which contains product and group of
raw material and data which
doesn’t carry any collectively carry a
meaning. logical meaning.

Records and Observation Analysis

Vague Specific
 Data Informatio
It doesn’t depend on n It relies on data.
information.

Measured in
Measured in bits and
meaningful units like
bytes.
time, quantity, etc..

No Specific arrangements
Properly organized data
exist
May not be utilized Valuable and can be
anywhere utilized.
4 Basic Function of Computer

Input Process
01 02

Output 03 04 Storage
 Capabilities
and
0 Limitations of
a Computer
2
 Capabilities
● It can process data quickly.
● It can perform operations tirelessly.
● It can give accurate results depending on
the instructions and commands given.
● It can store, recall, and retrieve information.
● It can confirm and verify the accuracy of the
information.
● It can perform multi-tasks.
 Limitation
● It needs human intervention.
● It has a short life span.
● It cannot formulate information on its own.
● The information or results generated are
user dependent.
● It can never replace the capabilities of the
human brain.
0 Parts of a
Computer
2
 Monitor

System Unit
Mouse

Keyboard
7 essential parts of a
System Unit
Simple Complex
- Plastic box
- Stores everything
- Plugs into Outlet
- Regulates Power
- Circuit Board.
- Communicates
between
Components.
CPU RAM HD GPU
Central
Processing
Random D Disk
Hard
Graphics
Processing
Access Drive
Unit Unit
Memory

Processor Memory Storage

- Does Things
- “Brain of the
Computer”
- Data/Files Stored
- Small
- Run
Storage
MoreSpace
- Fast Access
Programs

- Data/Files Stored
- Large- Storage
Have More
Space
- Programs/files
Slow Access installed
- Stand alone
Computer
- What Does it look
like?
0 History of
Computer
3
 History Of Computer
Ancient Time Electro Mechanical
Era
01 02 03 04
Mechanical Era Electronic Era
 Ancient Time
● First Mechanical device used for
C US
AB A calculations
● Invented by Mesopotamians around
3000 BC
● Consisted of beads on movable rods
divided in 2 parts
● Abundant Beads, Addition &
Calculations Utility System
 Mechanical Era

Napier’s Bone
● Invented by John Napier’s, a Scottish mathematician, in
1617
● It has set of rods or bones with multiplication tables on
them.
● Performed addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division.
 Mechanical Era

Pascaline
● Invented by Blaise Pascal, a French Mathematician in
1642
● It was the first mechanical calculator made up of gears
or wheels
● Addition and Subtraction operation was faster than
Abacus.
 Mechanical Era

Stepped Reckoner
● Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1685
● Leibniz Wheel
● Extended Pascal Calculator to have automatic
multiplication and division
● It has a cylinder or stepped drum with a set of teeth of
increment lengths which, was coupled to a counting
 Mechanical Era

Jacquard Loom
● Invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1804
● It made the cotton weaving process automatic
● The loom was controlled by a number of punched card
laced together into a continuous sequence
 Mechanical Era

Differential Engine
● Invented by Charles Babbage, a British Mathematician
in 1822
● He is also known as the “Father of Computer”
● It could solve differential equations and was powered
 Electromechanical Era

Punched Card Tabulating

● It was invented by an American named Herman in
1889 Machine
● It was invented to count population in USA
● Its operation were controlled by punch cards
 Punched Card
● is a piece of stiff paper that holds digital data
represented by the presence or absence of holes
in predefined positions.
 Electromechanical Era

Millionaire
● The Millionaire, the first efficient four-function
calculator, is invented by Otto Shweiger, a Swiss
Engineer in 1893.
 Electronic Era

Z3
● In 1941, Konrad Zuse, built the first programmable
computer called Z3. It was the first fully functional,
program controlled computer of the world.
 Electronic Era

Mark 1
● Howard Aiken, a Ph.D. student at Harvard University built Mark I “The
first Stored-Program Computer”. 8 feet tall, 51 feet long, 2 feet thick,
weighed 5 tons, used 750,000 parts, 500 miles of wires, 3-5 seconds
per calculation.
 Electronic Era

ABC
● Atanasoff - Berry Computer
● In 1942, John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry completed the first all-
electronic computer called ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer).
● It was the first computer to use electricity in the form of vacuum
tubes. It was used for solving complex systems equations.
0 5 Generation of
Digital

4 Computing
 First
1942 -
Generation
1955
Vacuum
Tubes
A vacuum tube is
consist of a glass bulb
and wire. The wire is
ENIAC
used to carry data in a
(Electronic Numerical Integrator
form of electronic and
signals.
Calculator)
 2nd Generation
1956 to
Transistor
1964
2nd generation computer uses
transistors instead of vacuum
tubes.
 3rd
Generation
1965 to
1975

Integrated circuit is a single wafer

chip that can hold many
transistors and electronic circuits
4th Generation
1975 to
Present

Microprocesso
It is consist ofr small silicon
chip on which thousands of
circuits are placed.
0 Components of
a Computer

5 System
Components of a Computer
System
Hardware Software
Is the physical This are the
equipment programs and data
associated with a that a computer
computer system. uses.

Peopleware
are the users of the computer, they
may be the system analysts,
programmers, Web Developer,
students, administrators, encoders or
just a common personnel who in a way
works with the computer.
Hardware
Input Devices
- any hardware component that allows the user to
enter data, execute commands and user
responses into the computer.
Output
Devices
Any hardware component that presents, displays,
alters, or record output after it has left a
computer’s system unit

Storage Devices
these are important for keeping a document for
later retrieval and use.
Software
Application Software
these are programs that people use to get their
work done.

System Software
The system software includes all programs used
to operate and maintain the computer system.

Utility Software
It is specifically designed to help manage and
tune the computer hardware, operating system or
application software, and perform a single task or
a small range of tasks.
0 OPERATING
SYSTEM
6
Objective
● Define a operating system(OS).
● Function and Components of Operating
System.
● Types of OS.
● Process and Program
 What is
OPERATING SYSTEM?
- An operating system is a collection of
computer hardware resources and
provides a common services for
computer programs.
- The operating system is a vital
components of the system software in a
computer system.
- Application usually require an Operating
System to function.
 FUNCTIONS OF
OPERATING SYSTEM
- Providing a user interface
- Running Applications
- Support for built in Utility programs
- Control to the computer hardware.
 COMPONENTS OF
OPERATING SYSTEM
- PROCESS MANAGEMENT
- MEMORY MANAGEMENT
- I/O DEVICE MANAGEMENT
- NETWORK MANAGEMENT
 TYPES OF
OPERATING SYSTEM
- Single User , Single Task
- Single User , Multi-task
- Multi-User , Multi-Task
 SINGLE USER
MULTI-TASKING
- Single user Multi-tasking os allows user
to perform one or more than task at the
same time.
 SINGLE USER
MULTI-TASKING
● An example of this is a Windows or macOS environment:
● Single user: One person is using the computer.
● Multi-tasking: The user can run several programs at once, such as:
○ Writing an email in a mail client (e.g., Outlook or Apple
Mail).
○ Browsing the web in a browser (e.g., Chrome or Safari).
○ Listening to music through a music player or streaming
service.
 SINGLE USER
SINGLE TASKING
● This type of operating system only has to deal with one
person at a time, running one user application at a
time.
● An example of this kind of operating system would be
found in mobile phone .
QUIZ??