INTRODUCTI LECTURE 1:

Overview
ON of
Geographi
c
TO GIS Informatio
n Systems
(GIS)
• What are spatial data and Geographic
Information Systems?
• Who uses spatial data, maps and GIS,
and what for?
• Understanding spatial reference
systems
• Representing spatial features
• Interpreting maps
• Working with raster layers
• Working with vector layers
• Introduction to symbology and
cartography
• Making maps
• Introduction to spatial analysis
• Applications of GIS
 What is GIS?

Components of GIS

Outli
ne
Why is GIS Important

Spatial data and models

What is GIS?

Geographic

Information
S ystems /Science
/Studies
What is “S” in
GIS?
• Systems
• the technology
• Science
• the concepts and theory
• Studies
• the societal context
 Definition of “Geographic”

• of or relating to geography
http://www.merriam-webster.com/

• Geography: study of the lands, the features, the inhabitants, and the
phenomena of Earth
• geographia meaning “earth description”

 Geographic: belonging to or characteristic of a particular region or location on the

earth
 Definition of “Information”

• Defined as the knowledge that you get about someone or something : facts
or details about a subject

DATA
• facts or information used usually to calculate, analyze, or plan something

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Data and information

• Data only becomes useful, taking on value as information, within this

context
 What is “Geographic Information”?

• Sometimes referred to as Spatial Information

• Information about places on the earth’s surface
• Knowledge about “what is where, when”
• Links place/location, time, and attributes
• Example:
“There are 12 students of GmE 203 in UP Diliman at 6PM on September 8,
2022.”
 What is an “Information System”?
 SYSTEM: a group of related parts that move or work together
http://www.merriam-webster.com/

•INFORMATION SYSTEM: An association of people, machines, data,

and procedures working together to collect, manage, and distribute
information of importance to individuals or organizations
What is GIS?
What is GIS?

• In simpler terms, GIS is a set of computer-based systems for

managing geographic data and using these data to solve real-world
spatial problems.

• provides four sets of capabilities:

• data input
• data management (data storage and retrieval)
• manipulation and analysis
• data output
--Arnoff
(1989)
GIS Milestones

•1944 Harvard’s Mark I, the first digital computer, put in service

•1966 GIS demonstrated by Howard Fisher (Harvard Laboratory for
Computer Graphics)
•1969 ESRI founded
•1970’s satellites aid GPS
•1980’s Second GIS phase: maps moved from military and tax use
to commercial use. GIS masters in third level Edinburgh College
began in the mid 1980s.
•1986 MapInfo developed
•1986 SPOT satellite was launched.
•1990’s GIS entered in a new era. GIS became a viable technology
for state and municipal planning
Dr. John Snow

Exam
ple

Father of Epidemiology

•1854 Cholera
outbreak; 89 died
(79 at Broad St.)
GIS History in the Philippines
Year Objective and/or Outcome Institution/Group Involved
1985 computer-based GIS started at IRRI IRRI
1986 GIS and RS as components of studies on the coastal
resources management & zoning
1990s determination of the rates and patterns of Department of Forestry,
deforestation in the Philippines Universityof Illinois, USA
land suitability assessment and land capability
1990s classification in the Ibulao watershed using MAP and
IDRISI
1991-1995 production of land-use forest type maps NAMRIA
(scale, 1:100,000)
1992-1993 and capability classification and land use suitability UP College of Forestry
assessment of Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve
1994 mapping of the land cover of Mindoro for
reforestation planning
1995 integration of GIS in urban planning and development
of Urban Forestry
1996 participatory decision support
1996 GIS-based estimation of soil loss in Mt. Makiling
GIS History in the Philippines
Year Objective and/or Outcome Institution/Group
Involved
1997 application of GIS on land use planning of Cordillera Administrative
Region
1998 soil erosion potential determination and land capability evaluation of
the UP Laguna-Quezon Land Grant
mapping and land cover assessment of mangrove areas; outputs
included mangrove land cover maps, mangrove species composition and
1999 distribution, mangrove structural characteristics such as trunk and crown NAMRIA
dimensions

2001 GIS-based furniture and handicraft raw materials resource inventory ERDB, UPLB-
maps CFNR,PCARRD-DOST
2001 IRNR, UPLB-
GIS-based ATLAS of selected watersheds in the Philippines CFNR,PCARRD-DOST
2002 determination of socio-economic variables affecting land-use change in
Mt. Makiling
2003 Biomass estimation using GIS in Mt. Makiling
2004 land-use pattern analysis in Balamban, Cebu
2004 water-level rise vulnerability assessment of Navotas, Metro Manila
2007 vulnerability assessment of priority watersheds in the Philippines ERD
2007 intelligent decision support systemfor environmental hazards UPLBCFNR,PCARRD-DOST
management
2009 integration of GIS and the WaterErosion Prediction Project (GeoWEPP)
Maps and GIS

•Mapping is a key output of GIS but is not

the whole story.
 GIS stores the spatial data that is used to
make maps.
 GIS is an analysis tool
Geographic Information System:
intuitive descriptions
•A map with a database behind it.
•A virtual representation of the real
world and its infrastructure.

Which is
•queried to support on-going
operations
•summarized to support strategic
decision making and policy
formulation
•analyzed to support scientific
inquiry
What is GIS?

• “... a system of hardware, software, and procedures designed to support

the capture, management, manipulation, analysis, modeling, and
display of spatially referenced data for solving complex planning and
management problems.” -- Rhind (1989)

• A GIS is “an organized collection of computer hardware, software,

geographic data, and personnel designed to efficiently capture,
store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display all forms of
geographically referenced information.” - ESRI 1990
Components of GIS
DATA SOFTWARE

APPLICATIONS HARDWARE

GIS

PEOPLE
Generations of GIS

Kresse & Danko, 2012

 1st Generation of GIS

•Geographic information has a history that dates back

to paper or analogue maps, draftsman table and a
world without computers
•1st Gen GIS focused on transformation of the analogue
world into a representative digital world
2nd Generation of GIS

•Focus was on features and its representation

•Focused on geo-relational databases where graphical files
representing geographic features where connected to
relational databases
•Concept of marriage or union of geographical features such
as digital maps and databases or information system.
•Development in the science, termed geographic
information
science
3rd Generation of GIS

• Developing means on how GI could be easily utilized

• Sharing of maps thru the web, advent of Google maps,
• Collaborative mapping by many agencies, participation of public lead to
widespread utility of the technology.
• Mapping technology (such as RS and GPS) integration
4th Generation of GIS

•Beyond desktop GIS, beyond web GIS, beyond

mobile GIS
•Focus on ease of use, transparency and widespread
acceptance of location-based systems for everyday
life
•Ubiquitous (ever-present) GIS
Conventional vs Digital Data

Conventional Data: Paper map

• Static representation
• Represents a general-purpose
snapshot of the real
world at a given time
only

Digital Geographic Data:

• Dynamic representation
• Allows a range of functions for
storing, processing,
analyzing, and visualizing
spatial data
• Has tools that allow users to
interact with the data to meet their
objectives
Geographic Information Technologies (3S)

•Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)/Global

Positioning Systems (GPS)
•a system of earth-orbiting satellites which can provide precise
(10 meters to sub-cm.) location on the earth’s surface (in
lat/long coordinates or equivalent)
•Remote Sensing (RS) & Photogrammetry
•use of satellites, aircrafts, or other platforms to capture
information about the earth’s surface
•Digital ortho images a key product (map accurate digital
photos)
•Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
•Software systems with capability for input, storage,
manipulation/analysis and output/display of geographic
(spatial) information
Why is GIS important?

• Almost everything that happens, happens somewhere. Knowing

where something happens is critically important.
- Longley, Goodchild, Maguire & Rhind

• GIS integrates spatial and other kinds

of information within a single system,
offering a consistent framework for
analyzing geographical data
Why is GIS important?

•GIS allows manipulation and display geographical

knowledge in new and exciting ways (being “digital”)
•Makes possible the automation of activities
involving geographic data
•Allow for the integration of data previously confined to
independent domains (e.g property maps and air
photos).
Why is GIS important?

•GIS is able to answer questions quickly and easily about a

location (Where? Why? How?).
•Illustrate patterns and trends that tabular data alone
cannot
show.
Why is GIS important?

GIS FUNCTIONALITIES:
• Density analysis
• Least-cost paths
• Line-of-sight
GIS
FUNCTIONALITIES:
Overlay Analysis
GIS
FUNCTIONALIT
IES:
Network
analysis
7 Basic Questions GIS can deal with

•Can you map that?  Cartographic

•Where is what?  Location
•Where has it changed?  Temporal analysis
•What relationship  Spatial analysis
exists?  Spatial analysis
•Where is it best?  Systems modelling
•What affects what?  Simulation
•What if..?
Advantages of GIS over manual
methods
Traditional method:
• overlaying thematic maps manually to choose areas of coinciding
constraints and opportunities.
• compilation of facilities data manually and drafting on large scale
street map bases. difficulties with the manual overlay method
include registering maps which may be published at different
scales or projections.
• the more layers of maps included in the analysis and the more
complex they are, the more the likelihood of human error
entering the analysis and the longer the process takes.
GIS:
• can take maps from different sources and register them easily and
is
consistent in its analysis of multiple layers of map data.
• faster than manual methods of analysis, allowing the flexibility to try
alternate variables in analysis.
 Spatial
Data

GIS layers to
model the real
world

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Spatial Data Models

• The real world can only be depicted in a GIS through the use of
models that define phenomena in a manner that computer systems
can interpret, to be able to perform meaningful analysis.
• Data Model: A set of constructs (schematic idea) for describing and
representing selected aspects of the real world in a computer.

Purpose:
 allows the geographic features in real world locations to be
digitally represented and stored in a database so that they can be
abstractly presented in map (analog) form, and can also be worked
with and manipulated to address some problem
Spatial Data Model
Spatial Data Models

• To use GIS, the real world must be

abstracted into points, lines, polygons,
raster cells, and attribute values

• Scale matters (scope and extent)

• Intended use matters (purpose)

Levels of Abstraction

1. Reality – i.e. the real world

2.Conceptual model - a human-oriented, partially structured model

of selected objects and processes relevant to a particular problem
domain.

3.Logical model – an implementation-oriented representation

of reality. It is often represented as a diagram showing the
selected objects and relationships between them.

4.Physical model – a physical model describes the exact files or

database tables used to store the data, etc. It is specific to a particular
implementation.
Conceptual Models

• Conceptualisations of space:
(1) Field-based – attributes can be thought of as varying continuously
from place to place (e.g. precipitation). Can be 2-D or 3-D (e.g.
surface elevation, soil, air pollution).

(2)Object-based – features can be thought of as discrete entities

or objects. Can be large or small, physical or counties, and contain
other objects.
a. discrete objects – the world is made up of well-defined
entities (e.g. buildings, roads)
b.fuzzy objects – entities with diffused
boundaries (e.g. forests, beaches, hills)

(3) Networks – object-based, but emphasis is on the

interaction between
objects along pathways.
Conceptual Models
Logical
Models
• The two main types of logical models
are:
 Raster. Study area is divided
into regular cells (usually
rectangular). Often used to
model field data
 Vector. Geometric primitives
(i.e. points, lines, polygons) are
used to represent objects.
Logical
Models
Raster Vector
Logical
Models Raster
Vector
File Formats (Vector Data)

 GDF/DIME (Geographic Base File/Dual Independent Map Encoding) –

originally used for storing street maps
 TIGER (Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing
System) – improvement for GDF/DIME
 DLG (Digital Line Graphs) – USGS topographic maps
 AutoCAD DXF (Data Exchange Format) – widely used as an export format in
many GIS
 IGDS (Intergraph Design System) – widely used in mapping
 ArcInfo Coverage – stores vector graphical data using topological structure
explicitly defining spatial relationships
 ArcInfo E00 – export format of ArcInfo
 Shapefiles – format of ArcView GIS; defines geometry and attribute of
geographically referenced objects using the main file, index file and
database table
 CGM (Computer Graphics Metafile) – ISO standard for vector data format;
widely used in PC-based computer graphics applications
 Page Description Languages (PDL’s)
File Formats (Raster Data)

• BMP (bitmaps) – used by graphics in Microsoft Windows applications; no

compression
• DIB (Device Independent Bitmaps)
• GIF (Graphical Interchange Format) – widely used for images to be used
on
the World Wide Web
• TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) – non-proprietary, system-independent
• JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) – primarily for storage of
photographic images and for the World Wide Web
• GeoTIFF – extension of the TIFF format that contains georeferencing
information
• PNG (Portable Network Graphics) – patent-free; intended to replace
the
GIF format
• PCX – supported by many image scanners
• MrSID (Multi-resolution Seamless Image Database)
• GRID – proprietary format used by ESRI in ArcInfo and ArcView GIS
Physical
Models
• A physical data model is the specific implementation of a logical model
– i.e. how the data are actually stored within the computer.
• The term data structure is sometimes used to describe how the data
are organised within the computer.
• it is useful to look at some more general considerations of data storage.

DATA STORAGE CONSIDERATIONS

• The two main considerations relate to:
– Space
– Time
• There is usually a tradeoff between minimising the space required to
access the data and maximising the speed at which it can be
accessed.
Why is GIS important?

• 80% of local government activities estimated to be geographically based

• plats, zoning, public works (streets, water supply, sewers), garbage collection,
land ownership and valuation, public safety (fire and police)
• a significant portion of national government has a geographical
component
• natural resource management
• highways and transportation
• scientific research employs GIS
• geography, geology, botany
• anthropology, sociology, economics, political science
• Epidemiology, criminology
Examples of Applied GIS

•Urban Planning, Management • Environmental Sciences

& Policy • Monitoring environmental risk
•Zoning, subdivision • Modeling stormwater runoff
planning • Management of watersheds,
•Land acquisition floodplains, wetlands,
forests, aquifers
•Economic development
• Environmental Impact
•Code enforcement Analysis
•Housing renovation • Hazardous or toxic facility
programs siting
•Emergency response • Groundwater modeling and
•Crime analysis contamination
•Tax assessment tracking
Examples of Applied GIS

•Political Science
• Redistricting
• Analysis of election results
• Predictive modeling
•Civil Engineering/Utility
• Locating underground facilities
• Designing alignment for freeways, transit
• Coordination of infrastructure maintenance
• Business
• Demographic Analysis
• Market Penetration/ Share Analysis
• Site Selection
Examples of Applied GIS

•Education Administration
• Attendance Area Maintenance
• Enrollment Projections
• School Bus Routing
•Real Estate
• Neighborhood land prices
• Traffic Impact Analysis
• Determination of Highest and Best Use
•Health Care
• Epidemiology
• Needs Analysis
• Service Inventory
Examples of Applied GIS
Examples of Applied GIS
Examples of Applied GIS
Examples of Applied GIS
 Examples of Applied GIS

Hydropower Generation
Potential of Samar River
System Based on GIS
and SWAT Model

H. C. Uy, A. E. E.
Quebada, and
Ma. L. P. Amante
(2022)
 Examples of Applied GIS

Landfill Site Suitability Mapping

Using Fuzzy MultiCriteria Decision
Analysis and GIS: Case of Quezon
City, Philippines
N.T. Sadie, M.A.N. Tanchuling and
A.C. Blanco (2022)
Examples of Applied GIS

COVID-19 susceptibility
index map of Marinduque,
Philippines
Arnold R. Salvacion (2022)
 Examples of Applied GIS

GIS-BASED SITE SUITABILITY

ANALYSIS FOR HEALTHCARE
FACILITY DEVELOPMENT IN
TACLOBAN CITY,
PHILIPPINES
Marian Stephanie R. Lao,
Maria Cecilia R. Paringit,and
Stephen Ross L. Roleda (2022)
 Examples of Applied GIS

Application of Time Series

Analysis and Geographic
Information System (GIS) in
Forecasting the At-Risk
areas of Dengue in Cavite,
Philippines
Glenn Bryan A. Creenciaa,
John Daniel V. Capatana,
Charles Vincent Borala,
Mildred A. Sebastian (2022)
 Examples of Applied GIS

Suitability Analysis for Solar

Energy System
Development using GIS and
AHP in Cagayan Province,
Philippines

John Paul D. Galvan (2021)

 Examples of Applied GIS

GIS-based land suitability

analysis for potential urban
development sites in Diffun,
Quirino, Philippines
E E A Sia, N Navarra and J D
Villa Juan (2021)
Examples of Applied GIS
GIS-based analysis on the spatial patterns of global maritime accidents
Huanxin Wang, Zhengjiang Liu, Zhichen Liu, Xinjian Wang, Jin Wang (2022)
 Examples of Applied GIS

Using a GIS-based spatial

approach to determine the
optimal locations of
bikeshare stations: The case
of Washington D.C
Zhila Dehdari Ebrahimi a,
Mohsen Momenitabar, Arefeh
A. Nasri , Jeremy Mattson
(2022)
 Examples of Applied GIS

Evaluation of job
accessibility for different
levels of social vulnerability:
a case study in Recife, Brazil

Ana B. P. Segadilha, Anna B.

Grigolon, Suely Sanches (2022)
Examples of Applied GIS

Agriculture
Farm Management Yield
Pest/Disease Production Soil
Tracking Crop Analysis
Monitoring
Examples of Applied GIS

Planning &
Economic
Development

Land Use/Zoning
Emergency
Preparedness
Population Forecast
Market Analysis
Property Tax
Assessment
Transportation
Examples of Applied GIS

Interactive Map
Examples of Applied GIS

Energy Engineering applications (e.g Estimation of solar energy of rooftops)

Examples of Applied GIS

3D GIS : Wind Analysis

 Examples of Applied GIS

Visualising Low-lying Areas in

Response to Major Flooding:
Case Studies in Rockhampton
and Bundaberg, Queensland
https://www.bigdataearth.com/

UP Department of Geodetic Engineering

Examples of Applied GIS
 Examples of Applied GIS

Shortest path (animation)

from public health centers
to Level 1 Hospitals
in Manila City
(Prof. Ransie Apura, 2017)
Examples of Applied GIS

Geo-simulation (e.g. Self-driving Car Simulation)

Examples of Applied GIS

Traffic Simulation (for Urban/Transport studies)

Thank you for your
attention!
Any questions?