Chemistry, The Central Science, 11th edition
Theodore L. Brown, H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.,
and Bruce E. Bursten
Chapter 3
Stoichiometry:
Calculations with Chemical
Formulas and Equations
John D. Bookstaver
St. Charles Community College Stoichiometr
y
Cottleville, MO
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Unit 3
Aim: What is stoichiometry, and how do
we use it in Chemistry?
Do Now: One mole of any substance is
equal to how many grams of that
substance? Particles?
Stoichiometr
y
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Law of Conservation of Mass
“We may lay it down as an
incontestable axiom that, in all
the operations of art and nature,
nothing is created; an equal
amount of matter exists both
before and after the experiment.
Upon this principle, the whole art
of performing chemical
experiments depends.”
--Antoine Lavoisier, 1789
Stoichiometr
y
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Chemical Equations
Chemical equations are concise
representations of chemical reactions.
Stoichiometr
y
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Anatomy of a Chemical Equation
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
Stoichiometr
y
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Anatomy of a Chemical Equation
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
Reactants appear on the left
side of the equation. Stoichiometr
y
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Anatomy of a Chemical Equation
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
Products appear on the
right side of the equation. Stoichiometr
y
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Anatomy of a Chemical Equation
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
The states of the reactants and products
are written in parentheses to the right of Stoichiometr
each compound. y
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Anatomy of a Chemical Equation
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
Coefficients are inserted
to balance the equation. Stoichiometr
y
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Subscripts and Coefficients Give
Different Information
• Subscripts tell the number of atoms of
each element in a molecule.
Stoichiometr
y
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Subscripts and Coefficients Give
Different Information
• Subscripts tell the number of atoms of
each element in a molecule
• Coefficients tell the number of Stoichiometr
molecules. y
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Reaction
Types
Stoichiometr
y
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Combination Reactions
• In this type of
reaction two
or more
substances
react to form
one product.
• Examples:
– 2 Mg (s) + O2 (g) ⎯⎯→ 2 MgO (s)
– N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) ⎯⎯→ 2 NH3 (g)
Stoichiometr
– C3H6 (g) + Br2 (l) ⎯⎯→ C3H6Br2 (l) y
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Decomposition Reactions
• In a decomposition
one substance breaks
down into two or more
substances.
• Examples:
– CaCO3 (s) ⎯⎯→ CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
– 2 KClO3 (s) ⎯⎯→ 2 KCl (s) + O2 (g)
Stoichiometr
– 2 NaN3 (s) ⎯⎯→ 2 Na (s) + 3 N2 (g) y
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Combustion Reactions
• These are generally
rapid reactions that
produce a flame.
• Most often involve
hydrocarbons
reacting with oxygen
in the air.
• Examples:
– CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) ⎯⎯→ CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
– C3H8 (g) + 5 O2 (g) ⎯⎯→ 3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (g) Stoichiometr
y
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Balancing Chemical Reactions
• Chemical Equations must adhere to the Law of Conservation of Mass
• To Balance Equations, start by balancing atoms other than hydrogen or
oxygen. Balance Hydrogen atoms next to last, and balance oxygen
atoms last.
• Ex: Balance the following reaction
H2SO4(aq) + NaHCO3(s) CO2(g) + H2O (l) + Na2SO4(aq)
Stoichiometr
y
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Formula
Weights
Stoichiometr
y
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Formula Weight (FW)
• A formula weight is the sum of the
atomic weights for the atoms in a
chemical formula.
• So, the formula weight of calcium
chloride, CaCl2, would be
Ca: 1(40.1 amu)
+ Cl: 2(35.5 amu)
111.1 amu
• Formula weights are generally reported
for ionic compounds. Stoichiometr
y
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Molecular Weight (MW)
• A molecular weight is the sum of the
atomic weights of the atoms in a
molecule.
• For the molecule ethane, C2H6, the
molecular weight would be
C: 2(12.0 amu)
+ H: 6(1.0 amu)
30.0 amu
Stoichiometr
y
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Percent Composition
One can find the percentage of the
mass of a compound that comes from
each of the elements in the compound
by using this equation:
(number of atoms)(atomic weight)
% element = x 100
(FW of the
compound)
Stoichiometr
y
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Percent Composition
So the percentage of carbon in ethane
is…
(2)(12.0 amu)
%C =
(30.0 amu)
24.0 amu
= x 100
30.0 amu
= 80.0% Stoichiometr
y
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Moles
Stoichiometr
y
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Avogadro’s Number
• 6.02 x 1023
• 1 mole of 12C has a
mass of 12 g.
Stoichiometr
y
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Molar Mass
• By definition, a molar mass is the mass
of 1 mol of a substance (i.e., g/mol).
– The molar mass of an element is the mass
number for the element that we find on the
periodic table.
– The formula weight (in amu’s) will be the
same number as the molar mass (in
g/mol).
Stoichiometr
y
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Using Moles
Moles provide a bridge from the molecular
scale to the real-world scale.
Stoichiometr
y
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Mole Relationships
• One mole of atoms, ions, or molecules contains
Avogadro’s number of those particles.
• One mole of molecules or formula units contains
Avogadro’s number times the number of atoms or
ions of each element in the compound. Stoichiometr
y
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Unit 3
Aim: How can we obtain an empirical formula
from a % composition of elements?
Do Now:
a) What is the difference between an empirical formula and
a molecular formula?
b) What is the molecular formula of a compound with an
empirical formula of CH2O and a mass of 120 grams.
Stoichiometr
y
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Finding
Empirical
Formulas
Stoichiometr
y
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Calculating Empirical Formulas
One can calculate the empirical formula from
the percent composition.
*When calculating Mole Ratios….if the # comes out
to .9 (or .88/.89) round to a whole number. If the
number comes out to a .5…multiply all numbers by
2….if .3, multiply all numbers by 3
Stoichiometr
y
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Calculating Empirical Formulas
The compound para-aminobenzoic acid (you may have
seen it listed as PABA on your bottle of sunscreen) is
composed of carbon (61.31%), hydrogen (5.14%),
nitrogen (10.21%), and oxygen (23.33%). Find the
empirical formula of PABA.
Stoichiometr
y
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Calculating Empirical Formulas
Assuming 100.00 g of para-aminobenzoic acid,
C: 61.31 g x 1 mol = 5.105 mol C
12.01 g
1 mol
H: 5.14 g x = 5.09 mol H
1.01 g
1 mol
N: 10.21 g x = 0.7288 mol N
14.01 g
1 mol
O: 23.33 g x = 1.456 mol O
16.00 g
Stoichiometr
y
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Calculating Empirical Formulas
Calculate the mole ratio by dividing by the smallest number
of moles:
5.105 mol
C: = 7.005 ≈ 7
0.7288 mol
5.09 mol
H: = 6.984 ≈ 7
0.7288 mol
0.7288 mol
N: = 1.000
0.7288 mol
1.458 mol
O: = 2.001 ≈ 2
0.7288 mol Stoichiometr
y
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Calculating Empirical Formulas
These are the subscripts for the empirical
formula:
C7H7NO2
Stoichiometr
y
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Try it yourself
Sample Exercise 3.13 (Pg. 99)
Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) contains 40.92% C,
4.58% H and 54.50% O by mass. What is the
empirical formula of ascorbic acid?
Stoichiometr
y
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Combustion Analysis
• Compounds containing C, H and O are routinely
analyzed through combustion in a chamber like this.
– C is determined from the mass of CO2 produced.
– H is determined from the mass of H2O produced.
– O is determined by difference after the C and H have been
determined.
Stoichiometr
y
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Combustion Analysis
Sample Exercise 3.15 ( Pg. 101)
Isopropyl Alcohol, sold as rubbing alcohol,
is composed of C, H, and O. Combustion
of 0.255 g of isopropyl alcohol
produces .561 g of CO2 and .306 g of
H2O. What is the empirical formula of
isopropyl alcohol?
Stoichiometr
y
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Elemental Analyses
Compounds
containing other
elements are
analyzed using
methods analogous
to those used for C,
H and O.
Stoichiometr
y
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Aim: How can we use mole ratios to
calculate stoichiometry questions?
Do Now: What do coefficients tell us in a
chemical reaction?
Stoichiometr
y
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Stoichiometric Calculations
The coefficients in the balanced equation give
the ratio of moles of reactants and products.
Stoichiometr
y
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Stoichiometric Calculations
Starting with the
mass of Substance
A you can use the
ratio of the
coefficients of A and
B to calculate the
mass of Substance
B formed (if it’s a
product) or used (if
it’s a reactant).
Stoichiometr
y
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Stoichiometric Calculations
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
Starting with 1.00 g of C6H12O6…
we calculate the moles of C6H12O6…
use the coefficients to find the moles of H 2O…
and then turn the moles of water to grams. Stoichiometr
y
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Limiting
Reactants
Stoichiometr
y
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How Many Cookies Can I Make?
• You can make cookies
until you run out of one
of the ingredients.
• Once this family runs
out of sugar, they will
stop making cookies
(at least any cookies
you would want to eat).
Stoichiometr
y
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How Many Cookies Can I Make?
• In this example the
sugar would be the
limiting reactant,
because it will limit the
amount of cookies you
can make.
Stoichiometr
y
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Limiting Reactants
• The limiting reactant is the reactant present in
the smallest stoichiometric amount.
– In other words, it’s the reactant you’ll run out of first (in
this case, the H2).
Stoichiometr
y
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Limiting Reactants
In the example below, the O2 would be the
excess reagent.
Stoichiometr
y
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How to Solve Limiting Reactant Problems
Steps:
1.To find the limiting reactant, compare the
number of moles of each reactant to it’s
ratio in the balanced equation. The lower
number is the limiting reactant.
2.Use this reactants moles to solve
stoichiometric problems throughout the
problem.
Stoichiometr
y
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Example
255 g of octane and 1510 g of oxygen gas are present at the
beginning of a reaction that goes to completion and forms
carbon dioxide and water according to the following equation
2C8H18 (l) + 25O2 (g) 16CO2(g) + 18H2O(g)
a)What is the limiting reactant?
b)How many grams of water will be made?
c)How many grams of the excess reactant are used?
d)How many grams of the excess reactant are left unreacted?
Stoichiometr
y
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Aim: What is theoretical yield and
percent yield?
Do Now: How do we convert moles of one
substance into moles of another using a
balanced chemical equation?
Stoichiometr
y
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Theoretical Yield
• The theoretical yield is the maximum
amount of product that can be made.
– In other words it’s the amount of product
possible as calculated through the
stoichiometry problem.
• This is different from the actual yield,
which is the amount one actually
produces and measures experimentally.
Stoichiometr
y
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Percent Yield
One finds the percent yield by
comparing the amount actually obtained
(actual yield) to the amount it was
possible to make (theoretical yield).
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑(𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙)
% Yield = 𝑇h𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑( 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑑 /𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒)
X 100
Stoichiometr
y
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Sample
Students run the previous experiment
with 255 g of octane and 1510 g of
oxygen gas. However, they only obtain
325 g of water experimentally. What is
the % Yield?
Stoichiometr
y
