Chapter 1: Introduction to TCP/IP

Networking
Instructor Materials

CCNA R&S 200-301

What we will learn ?

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What is IP Network?

It’s a group of components ( end devices,

intermediate devices , connectivity )
that connected together to provide a service
such :
- Easy sharing of files and data
- Easy sharing of expensive resources like
printers
- Voice
- Data
- VOIP
- IOT ( internet of Things)

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Physical Components of a Network

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End Devices
An end device is where a message originates from or where it is received. Data originates with an
end device, flows through the network, and arrives at an end device.
- Computer
- Mobile
- IP CAM
- IP Phone
- Printers

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Intermediary Network Devices
An intermediary device interconnects end devices. Examples include switches, wireless
access points, routers, and firewalls.

Management of data as it flows through a network is also the role of an intermediary

device, including:
• Regenerate and retransmit data signals.
• Maintain information about what pathways exist in the network.
• Notify other devices of errors and communication failures.

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Network Icons

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Switches
https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/switches/index.ht
ml#~products

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Routers
https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/routers/index.html#~products

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Firewalls/ NGFW / IPS
https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/security/firewalls/index.html#~w
hy-cisco

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Firewalls/ WAF / IPS

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Access Point
https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/wireless/index.html#~products

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WLC – Wireless LAN Controller
https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/wireless/index.html#~products

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WLC – Wireless LAN Controller
- Physical

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WLC – Wireless LAN Controller
- Cloud

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Network Media
Communication across a network is carried through a medium which allows a message to
travel from source to destination.

Media Types Description

Metal wires within cables Uses electrical impulses

Glass or plastic fibers Uses pulses of light.

within cables (fiber-optic
cable)

Wireless transmission Uses modulation of

specific frequencies of
electromagnetic waves.

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Network Topologies :
How components are connected

Network diagrams, often called topology

diagrams, use symbols to represent
devices within the network.

Important terms to know include:

• Network Interface Card (NIC)
• Physical Port
• Interface

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Topology Diagrams
Point to Point : Ring by IBM:

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Topology Diagrams
Mesh : Bus:
a lot of network cards One Card for each Computer
One send all receive
A lot of collision (Network) and interference
(communication)

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Topology Diagrams
Star :
evolutions of intermediate Devices ( Hub , bridge , then
switches )
Hub : can’t understand MAC address and IP address

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Network Model

• It’s a group of concept that will help a

End
device to send data hop by hop and end to
end such :
hop hop
hop hop

• OSI Model : Open system interconnection

Developed by ISO OS IOS OS
• TCP/IP
Different OSs but install same
Network model

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Network Model
Network model consist of layers

• What is a layer ?
it’s a function that can be done either by S/W or H/W
• Why layered ?
cause all Functions are sequential

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Network Model
OSI Model

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Network Model
OSI Model vs TCP/IP

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Data Encapsulation

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Data De-Encapsulation

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Peer to Peer Communications

PDU : Protocol Data Unit

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Peer to Peer Communications
Encapsulating and De-Encapsulation

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Peer to Peer Communications
Encapsulating and De-Encapsulation

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Ch.2 Fundamentals of Ethernet
LANs

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An Overview of LAN

Most enterprise computer networks can be separated into two general types
of technology: local-area networks (LANs) and wide-area networks (WANs).

LANs typically connect nearby devices: devices in the same room, in the
same building, or in a campus of buildings.

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LAN Components

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Small LAN vs Enterprise LAN

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Networks of Many Sizes
• Small Home Networks – connect a few
computers to each other and the Internet
• Small Office/Home Office – enables
computer within a home or remote office
to connect to a corporate network
Small Home SOHO • Medium to Large Networks – many
locations with hundreds or thousands of
interconnected computers
• World Wide Networks – connects
hundreds of millions of computers world-
wide – such as the internet

Medium/Large World Wide

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Common Types of Networks
LANs and WANs
Network infrastructures vary greatly in
terms of:
• Size of the area covered
• Number of users connected
• Number and types of services
available
• Area of responsibility

Two most common types of networks:

• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• Wide Area Network (WAN).

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Common Types of Networks
LANs and WANs (cont.)
A LAN is a network infrastructure that spans A WAN is a network infrastructure that spans
a small geographical area. a wide geographical area.

LAN WAN
Interconnect end devices in a limited area. Interconnect LANs over wide geographical areas.
Administered by a single organization or Typically administered by one or more service
individual. providers.
Provide high-speed bandwidth to internal Typically provide slower speed links between LANs.
devices.

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Physical Layer = Layer1

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Physical Layer = Layer 1

Physical Layer

Layer 1 devices
Cables Cards Connectors
Hub, repeater (its regenerate the signal),
SFPs
CSU/DSU

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Ethernet Connection Media

- Copper

- Fiber

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Ethernet Connection Media
- Copper

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Types of Ethernet LAN

Wave2 : up
to 2.5 G

1G
- Ethernet 1970s : 10Mbps

- Fast Ethernet : 100Mbps

- Giga Ethernet : 1000Mbps (2000) up to 100m

- Ten Giga Ethernet:10GMbps (2010)

- 100 Giga Ethernet : 2015

- WIFI ( Wireless Ethernet ) : up to 2.5 Gbps

- Multigig switches 1g, 2.5G , 5G and 10G

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Ethernet Connection Media
- Copper Cable with Wires Inside , 100Mbps

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Ethernet Connection Media
- Copper Cable with Wires Inside

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Ethernet Connection Media
- Copper Cable with Wires Inside

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Ethernet Connection Media
- RJ-45 Connector and Jack

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Ethernet Connection Media
- Optical Fiber

For short distance up to 600M For long distance up to 15Km

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Ethernet Connection Media
- Fiber Connection Types

Lucent Connector (LC) Simplex Connectors

Straight-Tip (ST) Connectors

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Subscriber Connector (SC) Connectors Duplex Multimode LC Connectors

Fiber-Optic Cabling
Fiber Patch Cords

SC-SC MM Patch Cord LC-LC SM Patch Cord ST-LC MM Patch Cord ST-SC SM Patch Cord

A yellow jacket is for single-mode fiber cables and orange (or aqua) for multimode fiber
cables.
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Ethernet Connection Media
- Fiber : 10G SFP+
- Copper : 1G SFP

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Hub
- Hubs are “dumb” devices that pass anything
received on one connection to all other connections
(flood).

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Data Link Layer = Layer2

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Data-Link Layer = Layer 2

Data Link Layer

Layer 2 Device
MAC Address MAC Frame Bridge , Switch

Max number of bridge ports is 16 cause can’t handle more than

16 frames = operates by software

Switch operates by ASIC (Hardware)

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Purpose of the Data Link Layer
The Data Link Layer
• The Data Link layer is responsible for
communications between end-device
network interface cards.
• It allows upper layer protocols to access
the physical layer media and
encapsulates Layer 3 packets (IPv4 and
IPv6) into Layer 2 Frames.
• It also performs error detection and
rejects corrupts frames.

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IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Data Link Sublayers
IEEE 802 LAN/MAN standards are specific to
the type of network (Ethernet, WLAN, WPAN,
etc).

The Data Link Layer consists of two

sublayers. Logical Link Control (LLC) and
Media Access Control (MAC).
• The LLC sublayer communicates
between the networking software at the
upper layers and the device hardware at
the lower layers.
• The MAC sublayer is responsible for
data encapsulation and media access
control.

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Purpose of the Data Link Layer
IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Data Link Sublayers

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Ethernet Frame Structure

- SFD: Start frame Delimiter

- FCS: Frame Check Sequence , check errors via CRC (cycle
redundancy check)
It also performs error detection and rejects corrupts frames.

- Type : type of Packet , IPV4 or IPV6

Max frame size= 1518

Min frame size = 64
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Ethernet Addressing ( MAC Addressing )

It is a 48 bit address burn on ROM

of NIC, It is used to send Data
hop to hop And represent
in Hexadecimal

1 Hex = 4 bit = 48 bit = 12 Hex

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Ethernet Addressing

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Ethernet Addressing

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Type of Destination MAC

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Type of Destination MAC (cont.)

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Hub disadvantages
- Half Duplex mode:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LMR
SS7ZYM50&t=202s

- collision domain:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iKn0
GzF5-IU&t=132s

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Half and Full Duplex Communication

Half-duplex communication
• Only allows one device to send or receive at a time on a shared medium.
• Used on WLANs and legacy bus topologies with Ethernet hubs.

Full-duplex communication
• Allows both devices to simultaneously transmit and receive on a shared medium.
• Ethernet switches operate in full-duplex mode.

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Half and Full Duplex Communication

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Half and Full Duplex Communication

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Half and Full Duplex Communication

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Half and Full Duplex Communication

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Half and Full Duplex Communication

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Access Control Methods

Contention-based access
All nodes operating in half-duplex, competing for use of the medium. Examples are:
• Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) as used on legacy
bus-topology Ethernet.
• Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) as used on
Wireless LANs.

Controlled access
• Deterministic access where each node has its own time on the medium.
• Used on legacy networks such as Token Ring and ARCNET.

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Contention-Based Access – CSMA/CD

CSMA/CD
• Used by legacy Ethernet LANs ( hub).
• Operates in half-duplex mode where only one device sends or receives at a time.
• Uses a collision detection process to govern when a device can send and what
happens if multiple devices send at the same time.

CSMA/CD collision detection process:

• Devices transmitting simultaneously will result in a signal collision on the shared
media.
• Devices detect the collision.
• Devices wait a random period of time and retransmit data.

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Contention-Based Access – CSMA/CA

CSMA/CA
• Used by IEEE 802.11 WLANs.
• Operates in half-duplex mode where only one device sends or receives at a time.
• Uses a collision avoidance process to govern when a device can send and what
happens if multiple devices send at the same time.

CSMA/CA collision avoidance process:

• When transmitting, devices also include the time duration needed for the
transmission.
• Other devices on the shared medium receive the time duration information and know
how long the medium will be unavailable.

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Need For Switches
A collision domain: the part of a network
where packet collisions can occur. A collision
occurs when two devices send a packet at
the same time on the shared network
segment.

Collisions are often in a hub environment,

because each port on a hub is in the same
collision domain. By contrast, each port on a
bridge, a switch or a router is in a separate
collision domain.

The Solution to avoid collision in Network

is via Switch
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Need For Switches

A Broadcast domain : is the domain in

which a broadcast is forwarded on the
shared network segment.

All ports on a hub or a switch are by default

in the same broadcast domain. All ports on a
router are in the different broadcast domains
and routers don’t forward broadcasts from
one broadcast domain to another.

The Solution to avoid Broadcast in

Network is via VLAN

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Switches Functions and Operations
LAN Switch Function:

- Learning : it is forming MAC table by checking Source MAC Address in

incoming frames
- Forwarding : by checking destination MAC address
- Prevent L2 Loops : Spanning Tree Protocol

LAN Switch Modes:

- Cut through
- Store and forward
- Adaptive cut through / Fragment free Switching

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Switches Functions and Operations (Learning)

Example : PCA to communicate with PCB

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Switches Functions and Operations (Learning)

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Switches Functions and Operations (Forwarding)

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Switches Functions and Operations (Forwarding)

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Switches Functions and Operations

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Switches Functions and Operations

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Switches Functions and Operations
MAC table : store in RAM for 5 minutes by default

CAM - Content Addressable Memory, referring to the memory used for the
MAC address table.

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Layer 2 and Layer 3 ( Multilayer ) Switches

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fixed Switches , Modular Switches and Stackable Switches

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fixed Switches , Modular Switches and Stackable Switches

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Chapter 3: Fundamentals of WANs
and IP Routing
why are WANs Needed?

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WAN Devices

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WAN Traffic

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WAN Devices

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WAN Devices

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WAN Link Options

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WAN Layer2 Protocols

MPLS over Ethernet

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Common Types of Networks
WAN Connections
- DSL card (Digital Subscriber Line) : up to 7Km Public WAN

- X.25

- Frame Relay

- ATM ( Asynchronous Transfer media ) Private WAN

- PPP

- HDLC up to 15000Km

- MPLS

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The Converging Network

Before converged networks, an

organization would have been
separately cabled for telephone, video,
and data. Each of these networks
would use different technologies to
carry the signal.
Each of these technologies would use a
different set of rules and standards.

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Internet Connections
The Converging Network (Cont.)
Converged data networks carry
multiple services on one link including:
• data
• voice
• video
Converged networks can deliver data,
voice, and video over the same
network infrastructure. The network
infrastructure uses the same set of
rules and standards.

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Reliable Network
Network Architecture
Network Architecture refers to the
technologies that support the infrastructure
that moves data across the network.
There are four basic characteristics that the
underlying architectures need to address to
meet user expectations:
• Fault Tolerance
• Scalability
• Quality of Service (QoS)
• Security

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Reliable Network
Fault Tolerance
A fault tolerant network limits the impact of
a failure by limiting the number of affected
devices. Multiple paths are required for
fault tolerance.
Reliable networks provide redundancy by
implementing a packet switched network:
• Packet switching splits traffic into
packets that are routed over a network.
• Each packet could theoretically take a
different path to the destination.
This is not possible with circuit-switched
networks which establish dedicated
circuits.

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Reliable Network
Scalability

A scalable network can expand

quickly and easily to support
new users and applications
without impacting the
performance of services to
existing users.
Network designers follow
accepted standards and
protocols in order to make the
networks scalable.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 99
Reliable Network
Quality of Service
Voice and live video transmissions
require higher expectations for those
services being delivered.

Have you ever watched a live video with

constant breaks and pauses? This is
caused when there is a higher demand
for bandwidth than available – and QoS
isn’t configured.
• Quality of Service (QoS) is the primary
mechanism used to ensure reliable
delivery of content for all users.
• With a QoS policy in place, the router
can more easily manage the flow of
data and voice traffic.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 100
Reliable Network There are two main types of network
Network Security security that must be addressed:
• Network infrastructure security
• Physical security of network devices
• Preventing unauthorized access to
the devices
• Information Security
• Protection of the information or data
transmitted over the network
Three goals of network security:
• Confidentiality – only intended
recipients can read the data
• Integrity – assurance that the data
has not be altered with during
transmission
• Availability – assurance of timely and
reliable access to data for authorized
users© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 101
Network Security
Security Threats • Network security is an integral
part of networking regardless of
the size of the network.
• The network security that is
implemented must take into
account the environment while
securing the data, but still
allowing for quality of service that
is expected of the network.
• Securing a network involves
many protocols, technologies,
devices, tools, and techniques in
order to secure data and mitigate
threats.
• Threat vectors might be external
or internal.
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Network Security
External Threats:
Security Threats (Cont.)
• Viruses, worms, and Trojan
horses
• Spyware and adware
• Zero-day attacks
• Threat Actor attacks
• Denial of service attacks
• Data interception and theft
• Identity theft

Internal Threats:
• lost or stolen devices
• accidental misuse by employees
• malicious employees
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Network Security
Security Solutions
Security must be implemented in multiple
layers using more than one security solution.
Network security components for home or
small office network:
• Antivirus and antispyware software
should be installed on end devices.
• Firewall filtering used to block
unauthorized access to the network.

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Network Security
Security Solutions (Cont.)

Larger networks have additional security

requirements:
• Dedicated firewall system
• Access control lists (ACL)
• Intrusion prevention systems (IPS)
• Virtual private networks (VPN)
The study of network security starts with a clear
understanding of the underlying switching and
routing infrastructure.

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