DIVISIBILITY

DIVISIBILITY RULES

What are Divisibility Rules?

• A divisibility rule is a kind of shortcut that helps us to
identify if a given number is divisible by a divisor by
examining its digits, without performing the
long division process. These divisibility rules help us
determine the actual divisor of a number just by
considering the digits of that number. These are also
called divisibility tests which help in larger
calculations and ease out the process of
simplification of numbers.
 DIVISIBILITY RULES 2 TO 12

Divisibility Rules 2 to 12
• In this section, let us learn about basic
divisibility tests from 2 to 12. The divisibility
rule of 1 is not required since every number is
divisible by 1.
 DIVISIBILITY RULES CHART AND
EXAMPLES

Let us try to understand the above divisibility tests with examples.

• Is 280 divisible by 2? Yes, 280 is divisible by 2 as the units place digit is 0.
• Is 345 divisible by 3? Yes, 345 is divisible by 3, as the sum of all the digits, i.e., 3 + 4 + 5 = 12, and
12 is divisible by 3. So, 345 is divisible by 3.
• Is 450 divisible by 4? No, 450 is not divisible by 4 as the number formed by the last two digits
starting from the right, i.e., 50 is not divisible by 4.
• Is 3900 divisible by 5? Yes, 3900 is divisible by 5 as the digit at the units place is 0 which satisfies
the divisibility rule of 5.
• Is 350 divisible by 6? The sum of all the digits of 350 is 8, so it is not divisible by 3. Hence it cannot
be divisible by 6, as a number needs to be a common multiple of both 2 and 3 to be a multiple of
6.
• 357 is divisible by 7 as when we subtract the twice of the ones place digit, 7 × 2 = 14, and
subtract it from the remaining digits 35, we get 35 -14 = 21, which is divisible by 7. So, 357 is
divisible by 7.
• 79238 is not divisible by 8, as the number formed by the last three digits 238 is not completely
divisible by 8.
• 875 is not divisible by 9, as the sum of all the digits, 8 + 7 + 5 = 20 is not divisible by 9.
 DIVISIBILITY RULES CHART AND
EXAMPLES

Now, let us take the

number 1000 and see its
divisibility by 2 to 10. It is
clearly seen in the
following figure that 1000
is divisible by 2, 4, 5, 8,
and 10, and not divisible
by 3, 6, 7, and 9. We find
this by applying the
divisibility rules of 2 to
10, and not by performing
division which can be
more time-consuming.
 DIVISIBILITY RULES CHART AND
EXAMPLES

• Divisibility Rules
of 13, 17, and 19
Examples
• Let us take the
example of number
1326, and check its
divisibility by 13,
17, and 19. Observe
the figure given
below to
understand this
example.
 EXERCISE

1. Test the divisibility of the

following numbers by 2.
• 236, 254, 289, 278
2. Check the divisibility of the
following numbers by 9:
• 354, 765, 243, 405
3. Test the divisibility of the
following numbers by 3:
• 18657, 967458, 263705
 EXERCISE

4. Test the divisibility of the

following numbers by 13.
• 59371, 50661, 273, 173
5. Check the divisibility of the
following numbers by 7:
• 994, 595, 833, 679
6. Test the divisibility of the
following numbers by 19:
• 1710, 2356, 152, 76
 EXERCISE

7. Test the divisibility of the

following numbers by 17.
• 289, 2941, 2788, 6273
8. Check the divisibility of the
following numbers by 5:
• 990, 4601, 115, 9005
9. Test the divisibility of the
following numbers by 11:
• 1212, 1111, 1, 869
 QUIZ 1 (5-9-2024)
1 WHOLE SHEET OF YELLOW
PAPER
Test I. Test the divisibility. Write D if the number is
divisible and ND if it is not. Show your
solution/explanation using divisibility rules.
1. Test the divisibility of the following numbers by 3.
• 16789, 84679
2. Check the divisibility of the following numbers by
13:
• 43201, 131313
3. Test the divisibility of the following numbers by
19:
• 13699
 TEST I. (CONTINUATION)

(4). Test the divisibility of 1920 by 24.

(5). Test the divisibility of 1785 by 15.
(6). Test the divisibility of 9432 by 18.
(7). Test the divisibility of 5434 by 22.
(8). Test the divisibility of 3094 by
221.
 TEST II.

Fill in the smallest digit to

make the number divisible by:
(1) by 5 : 7164__, 32197__
(2) by 3 : 1__43, 47__05, __316
(3) by 6 : __428, 9__52, 721__
(4) by 4 : 2462__, 91__ __, 670__
(5) by 8 : 1232__, 59__16, 4642__
 TEST III. FOR EACH NUMBER ON LEFT,
PLACE A CHECK MARK UNDER THE
NUMBERS IT IS DIVISIBLE BY. COPY
AND ANSWER .

DIVISIBLE BY ?
NUMBER 2 3 4 5 6 9 10 13 17 19
45
369
7,870
1,976
6,003
136
1,674
35,496
PRIMES AND GREATEST COMMON
DIVISORS AND PRIME
FACTORIZATION

a. Prime Numbers
b. Greatest Common Divisor
c. The Euclidean Algorithm
d. The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
 PRIME NUMBERS

• Prime numbers are natural numbers

that have only two factors, that is, 1 and
the number itself. For example, numbers
like 5, 7, 13 have only two factors, so
they are prime numbers. Other numbers
that have more than 2 factors are called
composite numbers.
• It is to be noted that the number 1 is
neither a prime number nor a composite
number.
 PRIME NUMBERS

• Prime numbers are natural numbers that have only two

factors, that is, 1 and the number itself. For example, numbers
like 5, 7, 13 have only two factors, so they are prime numbers.
Other numbers that have more than 2 factors are called
composite numbers.
• It is to be noted that the number 1 is neither a prime number nor
a composite number.
Important Notes
• Prime numbers are natural numbers greater than 1, that have
only two factors, 1 and the number itself.
• A number can be a prime number if it is a non-zero whole
number.
 PRIME NUMBERS

How to Find Prime Numbers up to 100?

• We can find prime numbers in mathematics by using an
ancient technique, that is, the sieve of Eratosthenes. It is an
ancient method for finding all the prime numbers up to any
given limit. The following steps show how to find all the prime
numbers up to 100 by Eratosthenes' method. Leave the
number 1 as all prime numbers are greater than one.
• Step 1: First create a list of numbers from 2 to 100 as shown
in the figure given below.
• Step 2: Ignore the number 1 and start from 2. The number 2 is
the first number in the list and it is a prime number too; cross
out all the multiples of 2 in the list. Such as 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14,
 PRIME NUMBERS

• Step 3: 3 is the next number in the list after 2; cross out all the
multiples of 3 in the list, such as 6, 9,12, 15, 18, 21, 24 and so
on up to 100.
• Step 4: 5 is the next number in the list after 3; cross out all the
multiples of 5 in the list, such as 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and so on up
to 100.
• Step 5: 7 is the next number in the list after 5; the next step
would be to cross out all the multiples of 7 in the list, such as 14,
21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63 and so on up to 100.
• Step 6: After this step, when all the multiples are crossed out,
only the prime numbers will be left uncrossed and these are the
numbers marked yellow in the following chart. These are all
prime numbers up to 100.
So, there are
total 25 prime
numbers up to
100. Therefore,
the prime
numbers 1 to
100 can be listed
as,
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13,
17, 19, 23, 29,
 PRIME NUMBERS

Even Prime Numbers from 1 to 100

• Even prime numbers means prime numbers that are even.
Interestingly, there is only 1 even prime number which is 2. This is
because 2 is the only even number that has only 2 factors, 1 and 2.
Otherwise, all even numbers have more than 2 factors. Therefore, 2
is a prime number and it is the only even prime number.
Odd Prime Numbers from 1 to 100
• Odd prime numbers are those prime numbers that are odd. We
know that odd numbers are those numbers that are not divisible by
2. Therefore, odd prime numbers from 1 to 100 can be listed as
follows: 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59,
61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97. It should be noted that except 2, all
the prime numbers are odd.
 PRIME NUMBERS

Even Prime Numbers from 1 to 100

• Even prime numbers means prime numbers that are even.
Interestingly, there is only 1 even prime number which is 2. This is
because 2 is the only even number that has only 2 factors, 1 and 2.
Otherwise, all even numbers have more than 2 factors. Therefore, 2
is a prime number and it is the only even prime number.
Odd Prime Numbers from 1 to 100
• Odd prime numbers are those prime numbers that are odd. We
know that odd numbers are those numbers that are not divisible by
2. Therefore, odd prime numbers from 1 to 100 can be listed as
follows: 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59,
61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97. It should be noted that except 2, all
the prime numbers are odd.
 PRIME NUMBERS

Some facts on prime numbers 1 to 100

• 2 is the only even prime number and the remaining even
numbers are not prime numbers as they can be divided
by 2.
• Any prime number greater than 5 and ends with a 5 can
be divided by 5 so it cannot be a prime number.
• Prime numbers have exactly two factors and 0 and 1 are
not prime numbers.
 EXERCISE

1. How many prime numbers are there in 1-1000? List all of them.
2. List all the odd prime numbers in 1-1000.
3. What is the smallest prime number?
4. What is the smallest composite number?
5. What is the smallest odd composite number?
6. The sum of 320 and 425 gives a ___ number.
7. List all prime numbers greater than 5 that ends with 5.
8. Express 2018 as the sum of two prime numbers (either same or
unique).
9. I am a number between 50 and 100. My ones digit is two less than my
tens digit. I am a prime number. What number am I?
10.Which digit can come at the place of the given blank to make the
List of Prime Numbers From 1 to 1000
• Prime Numbers 1 to 100: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83,
89, 97 (total 25 prime numbers)
• Prime Numbers 101-200: 101, 103, 107, 109, 113, 127, 131, 137, 139, 149, 151, 157, 163, 167, 173, 179,
181, 191, 193, 197, 199 (total 21 prime numbers)
• Prime Numbers 201-300: 211, 223, 227, 229, 233, 239, 241, 251, 257, 263, 269, 271, 277, 281, 283, 293
(total 16 prime numbers)
• Prime Numbers 301-400: 307, 311, 313, 317, 331, 337, 347, 349, 353, 359, 367, 373, 379, 383, 389, 397
(total 16 prime numbers)
• Prime Numbers 401-500: 401, 409, 419, 421, 431, 433, 439, 443, 449, 457, 461, 463, 467, 479, 487, 491,
499 (total 17 prime numbers)
• Prime Numbers 501-600: 503, 509, 521, 523, 541, 547, 557, 563, 569, 571, 577, 587, 593, 599 (total 14
prime numbers)
• Prime Numbers 601-700: 601, 607, 613, 617, 619, 631, 641, 643, 647, 653, 659, 661, 673, 677, 683, 691
(total 16 prime numbers)
• Prime Numbers 701-800: 701, 709, 719, 727, 733, 739, 743, 751, 757, 761, 769, 773, 787, 797 (total 14
prime numbers)
• Prime Numbers 801-900: 809, 811, 821, 823, 827, 829, 839, 853, 857, 859, 863, 877, 881, 883, 887 (total 15
prime numbers)
• Prime Numbers 901-1000: 907, 911, 919, 929, 937, 941, 947, 953, 967, 971, 977, 983, 991, 997 (total 14
prime numbers)
 PRIME NUMBERS AND CO-PRIME
NUMBERS

• There is a difference between prime numbers and co-prime

numbers. The following points list the difference between
prime and co-prime numbers.
• Co-prime numbers are always considered in pairs, while a
prime number is a single number.
• If a pair of numbers has no common factor apart from 1, then
the numbers are called co-prime numbers. Prime numbers do
not have any such condition.
• Co-prime numbers can be prime or composite, but the only
condition is that the Greatest Common Factor (GCF) of co-
prime numbers is always 1. Prime numbers are different from
composite numbers because prime numbers are those
 PRIME NUMBERS AND CO-PRIME
NUMBERS
Examples of Coprime Numbers
• 5 and 9 are co-primes. The factors of 5 are 1, 5; and the factors of 9
are 1, 3, and 9. We can see that they have only 1 as their common
factor, therefore, they are coprime numbers.
• 6 and 11 are co-primes because they have only 1 as their common
factor. The factors of 6 are 1, 2, 3 and 6; and the factors of 11 are 1
and 11. We can see that they have only 1 as their common factor,
therefore, they are coprime numbers.
• 18 and 35 are co-primes because they have only 1 as their common
factor. The factors of 18 are 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 18; and the factors of 35
are 1, 5, 7 and 35. We can see that they have only 1 as their common
factor, therefore, they are coprime numbers.
• It should be noted that Co-prime numbers need not necessarily be
prime numbers.
 CO-PRIME AND TWIN PRIME
NUMBERS
Co-prime and Twin Prime Numbers
• Co-prime numbers are those numbers whose HCF is 1. On the other
hand, twin prime numbers are those prime numbers whose difference
is always 2. For example, 3 and 5 are twin prime numbers. The
following points list the difference between co-prime and twin prime
numbers.
• Twin prime numbers are always prime numbers while co-prime
numbers can be composite numbers as well.
• The difference between two twin primes is always 2 while the
difference between two co-primes can be any number.
• All the pairs of twin prime numbers are also co-prime, while all co-
prime numbers may or may not be twin primes.
• 1 forms a co-prime pair with every number, while it forms twin prime
 PRIME NUMBERS

Easy Way to Find Prime Numbers

• There are different ways to find prime numbers. Let us go through one
of these methods.
• Method: Every prime number, apart from 2 and 3, can be written in
the form of '6n + 1 or 6n - 1'. So, if we have any number different from
2 and 3, we can check if it is prime or not by trying to express it in the
form of 6n + 1 or 6n - 1
• Let us check this formula, 6n - 1, for the number 5, So, 6(1) - 1 = 5
• Let us check this formula, 6n + 1 for the number 7, So, 6(1) + 1 = 7
• Let us check this formula, 6n - 1, for the number 11, So, 6(2) - 1 = 11
• Let us check this formula, 6n + 1, for the number 13, So, 6(2) + 1 = 13
• Now, we know that the numbers 5, 7, 11, and 13 are prime.
 HISTORY OF PRIME NUMBERS

History of Prime Numbers

• Prime numbers have created human curiosity since
ancient times. Even today, mathematicians are trying to
find prime numbers with mystical properties. Euclid
proposed the theorem on prime numbers - there are
infinitely many prime numbers.
• Do you know all the prime numbers from 1 to 100? Did
you check if each number is divisible by the smaller
numbers? Eratosthenes was one of the greatest scientists
who lived a few decades after Euclid. He designed a smart
way to determine all the prime numbers up to a given
number. This method is called the Sieve of Eratosthenes.
 GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR

What is Greatest Common Divisor?

• For a set of positive integers (a, b), the greatest common
divisor is defined as the greatest positive number which
is a common factor of both the positive integers (a, b).
GCD of any two numbers is never negative or 0 as the
least positive integer common to any two numbers is
always 1.
 GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR

How to Find the Greatest Common Divisor?

• For a set of two positive integers (a, b) we use the
following steps to find the greatest common divisor:
• GCD of Two Numbers
• Let us see the steps given below to learn how to find the
GCD of two numbers.
• Step 1: Write the divisors of the number 'a'.
• Step 2: Write the divisors of the number 'b'.
• Step 3: List the common divisors of 'a' and 'b'.
• Step 4: Now find the divisor which is the highest among
 GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR

Example: Find the greatest common divisor of

13 and 48.
Solution: We will use the following steps to find
the greatest common divisor of (13, 48).
• Divisors of 13 = 1, and 13.
Divisors of 48 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24 and
48.
• The common divisor of 13 and 48 is 1.
The greatest common divisor of 13 and 48 is 1.
•
 GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR

Finding Greatest Common Divisor by LCM

Method
• As per the LCM Method for the greatest common
divisor, the GCD of two positive integers (a, b) can
be calculated by using the following formula:
 GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR
How to Calculate the GCD using LCM?
• Let us see how to calculate the GCD of (a, b) using the LCM method:
• Step 1: Find the product of a and b.
• Step 2: Find the Least Common Multiple (LCM) of a and b.
• Step 3: Divide the product of the numbers by the LCM of the numbers.
• Step 4: The obtained value after division is the greatest common divisor of
(a, b).
Example: Find the greatest common divisor of 15 and 70 using the LCM
method.
Solution: The greatest common divisor of 15 and 70 can be calculated as
follows:
• The product of 15 and 70 is given as, 15 × 70
• The LCM of (15, 70) is 210.
• We know that GCD (a, b) = (a × b)/ LCM of a and b
• GCD (15, 70) = (15 × 70)/ 210 = 5.
 EXERCISE

1. List all co-prime numbers from 1-50.

2. List all twin prime numbers from 1-100.
3. Determine the greatest common divisor of 12 and 26.
4. Using the LCM method, determine the value of the
greatest common divisor of 20 and 65.
5. State true or false with reference to GCD.
a.) GCD can be calculated using the GCD formula,
GCD (a, b) = a × b /LCM (a, b)
b.) The full form of GCD is the Greatest Common
Denominator.