ELECTRICAL AND OTHER
POWER SYSTEMS
Electrical Power and Lighting
Supply, Distribution and Fixtures
Electrical Power Source and
Alternative Power Sources
References:
Philippine Electrical Code
National Building Code
Electricity
phenomenon; manifestation
• Principally made up of atoms (electron, proton, neutron)
• 2 General Classes: Dynamic and Static
ELECTRICAL TERMINOLOGIES
ELECTRIC CURRENT – flow in an electric circuit
Classifications:
DIRECT CURRENT (DC)
ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC)
CLASSIFICATIONS:
DIRECT CURRENT (DC)
•Flows in one direction (- to +)
•Uniform in strength
•Battery/dry cell
•2 types: continuous/pulsating (fluctuating)
ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) - reverses direction of flow at regular intervals
•Reverses in direction
•Frequency: 60 cps (60 Hertz)
•Phase: SP/3P
•230VAC, 60Hz, SP
DIRECT CURRENT (DC)
ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC)
COMPARISON: DC & AC
Direct Current (DC) Alternating Current (AC)
Fixed polarity Reverses polarity
Steady (Continuous); Varies between reversal
Vary in magnitude
(Fluctuating)
Steady value Stepped up or down
Easier to measure: Easier to amplify: 110V+
1.5 volts
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT – path for electric current w/ EMF applied
• Electromotive Force (EMF) – force which causes movement
of electricity in a conductor
• Circuit Diagram – electrical layout
• Close Circuit – complete; continuous path
Open Circuit – broken, incomplete, disconnected
• Two Types: Parallel/Series
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT: Simple Circuit, Parallel, Series
OHM’s LAW – relationship of EMF, Current, Resistance
Formula: I = V/R V=IR R=V/I
I = Current (Amperes)
V = EMF (Volts)
R = Resistance (Ohms)
• Voltage (Volts) – EMF; pressure or force; Voltmeter
• Amperes (Amps) – inherent in wires (conductor); Ammeter
Ampacity - current-carrying capacity (w/o undue heating)
• Ohms – friction; inherent in insulator/Ohmmeter
Other Terminologies
• DEVICE – does not consume electricity
• WATT – rate of power; power consumption;
heat volts + ampere
Watt Meter – any one time
Watt-Hour Meter – periodic; KWH Meter/
Electricity Meter
• ALTERNATOR – AC generator
• GENERATOR – M.E to E.E.
• MOTOR – E.E. to M.E.
• BATTERY – electrochemical; electrolysis
Primary – nonrenewable
Secondary - rechargeable
ELECTRICAL POWER SOURCES and
ALTERNATIVE POWER SOURCES
ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION/DISTRIBUTION
ELECTRICAL POWER AND LIGHTING
SUPPLY, DISTRIBUTION AND FIXTURES
SERVICE ENTRANCE (SE - AERIAL)
UNDERGROUND SERVICE ENTRANCE (USE)
ELECTRICAL POWER AND LIGHTING
SUPPLY, DISTRIBUTION AND FIXTURES
SERVICE ENTRANCE (SE - AERIAL)
• Power supplied to a building through a service entrance.
• Three heavy wires (drop), extend from utility pole overhead
wires are fastened to the structure and spliced to service
entrance wires that enter a conduit through a service head.
• Rigid conduit is used.
ELECTRICAL POWER AND LIGHTING
SUPPLY, DISTRIBUTION AND FIXTURES
UNDERGROUND SERVICE ENTRANCE (USE)
• Three wires are placed in a rigid conduit.
• An underground service conduit is brought to the meter socket.
• Includes a watt-hour meter, main breaker, lightning protection.
SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF BUILDING
Category 1. WIRINGS AND RACEWAYS
Conductors – offers low resistance
Insulators – prevents flow of electric current
Raceways - channel
Category 2. POWER HANDLING EQUIPMENTS
Transformer, Switchboard/Switchgear, Panel board, Service
Switch/Safety Switch, Circuit Breaker/Fuse
SERVICE DISTRIBUTION – delivered through a distribution
panel, or servicepanel.
Category 3. UTILIZATION EQUIPMENTS – actual use
Fixtures, Switches, Convenience Outlets, Branch Circuits
SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF BUILDING
Category 1. WIRINGS AND RACEWAYS
Conductors/Insulators/Raceways
Category 2. POWER HANDLING EQUIPMENTS
Transformer, Switchboard/Switchgear, Panel board, Service
Switch/Safety Switch, Circuit Breaker/Fuse
Category 3. UTILIZATION EQUIPMENTS
Fixtures, Switches, Convenience Outlets, Branch Circuits
SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF BUILDING
BRANCH CIRCUITS
From the distribution panel, electricity is routed to the building
through branch circuits. Each circuit delivers electricity to a
limited number of outlets or devices and protected with a circuit
breaker.
Branch circuits are divided into three types by the PEC:
1. lighting circuits
2. small-appliance circuits
3. individual circuits
WIRES AND CABLES
1. FMC/MC/AC – BX; flexible
2. NMC/NM – ROMEX; sheat
3. GENERAL WIRING: THERMOPLASTIC (PEC)
4. MI – jacketed
5. SNM – telecommunication/submarine cable
6. SE/USE – aerial/underground
7. UF – direct burial to ground
8. TC – open wireway/support/tray
9. FC – system furniture application/cable management
10. FCC – general purpose
11. BUSBAR – Busway, Busduct
12. CABLEBUS – rounded
WIRES AND
CABLES
1. FLEXIBLE METAL CLAD/METAL CLAD/ARMORED CABLE (FMC/MC/AC)
BX; flexible
WIRES AND
CABLES
2. NON-METALLIC SHEATED CABLE ((NMC/NM) - ROMEX; sheat
WIRES AND
CABLES
3. GENERAL WIRING – THERMOPLASTIC (PEC)
Dry and damp locations
Thermoplastic, heat resistant, nylon 600V THHN Insulated Cables used in conduit and
THHN 90 / 194
jacket outer sheath cable trays for services, feeders, and branch circuits in
commercial or industrial applications
75 / 167 Thermoplastic, heat and moisture 75˚C: wet locations
THHW
90 / 194 resistant 90˚C: dry locations
THW - 75˚C: wet locations 90˚C: special applications
THW / 75 / 167 Thermoplastic, heat and moisture
(electric discharge lighting)
THW-2 90 / 194 resistant
THW-2 - dry and wet locations
THWN / 75 / 167 Thermoplastic, moisture and heat
Dry and wet locations
THWN-2 90 / 194 resistant, nylon jacket outer sheath
TW 60 / 140 Thermoplastic, moisture resistant Dry and wet locations
XHH 90 / 194 XLPE, heat resistant Dry and damp locations
XHHW - 75˚C: wet locations, 90˚C: dry and damp
XHHW / 75 / 167
XLPE, heat and moisture resistant locations
XHHW-2 90 / 194
XHHW-2 - Dry and wet locations
WIRES AND
CABLES
4. MINERAL INSULATED (MI) - jacketed
WIRES AND
CABLES
5. SHIELDED NON METALLIC SHEATED CABLE (SNM) - telecommunication/submarine
cable
WIRES AND
CABLES
6. SERVICE ENTRANCE CABLE - aerial/underground
WIRES AND
CABLES
6. UNDERGROUND SERVICE ENTRANCE (USE)
WIRES AND
CABLES
7. UNDERGROUND FEEDER (UF) - direct burial to ground
WIRES AND
CABLES
8. POWER & CONTROL TRAY CABLE (TC)
WIRES AND CABLES
9. FLAT CABLE ASSEMBLIES (FC) -
system furniture application/cable
management
WIRES AND CABLES
10. FLAT CONDUCTOR CABLE(FCC) - general purpose
WIRES AND CABLES
11. BUSBAR - Busway, Busduct
WIRES AND CABLES
11. BUSBAR
WIRES AND CABLES
11. BUSBAR
WIRES AND CABLES
12. CABLE BUS - rounded
RACEWAYS
1. Floor Raceway
• underfloor raceway – conventional installation
• cellular metal floor raceway – rib decking/raised floor system
• cellular concrete floor raceways – T-joist/ precast concrete
slab with built in pipes
2. Ceiling Raceway
• Power and Control Tray Cable (TC)
• Busbar
• Cablebus
RACEWAYS
FLOOR RACEWAY
underfloor raceway – conventional installation
RACEWAYS
CELLULAR METAL FLOOR
RACEWAYS
RACEWAYS
RAISED FLOOR SYSTEM
RACEWAYS
CELLULAR CONCRETE
FLOOR RACEWAYS
POWER HANDLING EQUIPMENTS
1. TRANSFORMER – voltage to voltage
• Outdoor Transformers
H-frame – 1000 kva
Cluster mounted – 225 kva
Pad mounted – 120V to 240V
• Indoor Transformers
Dry Type – pad mounted; switchboard
Askarel – synthetic non-flammable liquid
Oil-insulated – for transformer vault
• Transformer Rating: stepped up/stepped down
POWER HANDLING EQUIPMENTS
H-frame, Cluster mounted, Pad mounted
POWER HANDLING EQUIPMENTS
SWITCHBOARD/SWITCHGEAR – free standing
assemblies of switches, fuses/circuit breakers
Unit Substations (Transformer Load Center) – large facility
POWER HANDLING EQUIPMENTS
PANELBOARD – final distribution point; PP/LP
• Main Panelboard
• Distribution Panelboard
POWER HANDLING EQUIPMENTS
PANELBOARD – final distribution point; PP/LP
• Main Panelboard
• Distribution Panelboard
POWER HANDLING EQUIPMENTS
SERVICE SWITCH – large switch
• disconnecting apparatus
• service disconnecting means
• applied on apartments: meter banks
POWER HANDLING EQUIPMENTS
CIRCUIT PROTECTIVE DEVICES – overload/short circuit
• FUSE – alloy link or wire; fusible link; nonrenewable
Plug Fuse – dwelling (5-30 amps)
Cartridge Fuse – (5-60 amps)
Knife Blade Fuse – (61-600 amps); DE/SE
POWER HANDLING EQUIPMENTS
CIRCUIT BREAKERS – electromechanical device
Thermal Pigtail (Copper) – senses heat
Magnetic Pigtail (Copper) – senses load
UTILIZATION EQUIPMENT
FIXTURES/LUMINAIRES
1. Incandescent Lamp/Bulb – filament
2. Fluorescent Lamp/Tube – cathode
CONDUITS/FITTINGS/CONDULETS
ELECTRICAL BOXES
PLATES
Lighting Outlets
Receptacle/Convenience Outlets
FIXTURES/LUMINAIRES
INCANDESCENT BULB
1. Filament
2. Gas
3. Lead-in-wires
4. Stem Press
5. Exhaust Tube
6. Base
7. Fuse
8. Mica Disc
9. Button Rod
10. Button
11. Support Wires
12. Soft Glass
Hard Glass
Inside frosted – white silica
FIXTURES/LUMINAIRES
FLUORESCENT LAMP
Cylindrical Glass Tube – phosphor
Cathode – argon and low pressure
mercury vapor
Ballast – limits current
Starter - switch
TYPES:
• Pre-Heat Starting - CFL
• Instant Start (Slimline) – w/o a starter
• Rapid Start – bi-pins
CONDUITS
pipes, tubings (electrical raceway)
Materials (Metallic or Nonmetallic)
Make
1. Rigid Metal (RSC, EMT)
2. Flexible Metal (BX)
3. Rigid Nonmetal (Plastic, etc.)
4. Flexible Nonmetal (Plastic, etc.)
CONDUITS
pipes, tubings (electrical raceway)
1. Rigid Metal Conduit (RMC); Rigid Steel Conduit (RSC)
2. Intermediate Metal Conduit (IMC); IMT
3. Electric Metallic Conduit (EMC); EMT
CONDULETS (Conduit Fittings)
• Straight and angle couplings
• Elbow Fittings
• Tee and Cross connections
CONDULETS (Conduit Fittings)
• Straight and angle couplings
• Elbow Fittings
• Tee and Cross connections
CONDULETS (Conduit Fittings)
• Straight and angle couplings
• Elbow Fittings
• Tee and Cross connections
ELECTRICAL BOXES
• Outlet Box – cable ends
• Utility Box – outlets, switches
• Pull Box – facilitates pulling
• Junction Box – joining, splicing
• Cut-out Box – metal box
ELECTRICAL BOXES
• Outlet Box – cable ends
ELECTRICAL BOXES
• Utility Box – outlets, switches
ELECTRICAL BOXES
• Junction Box – joining, splicing
ELECTRICAL BOXES
• Pull Box – facilitates pulling
ELECTRICAL BOXES
• Cut-out Box – metal box
SWITCHES
Switches control the flow of electricity to outlets and to
individual devices.
Types of Switches: Small-appliance circuits and individual
circuits are usually "hot," meaning that electricity is
available in the outlet at all times.
Lighting circuits, however, may be either hot or controlled
by switches.
Single-pole switches control one fixture, device or outlet.
To control lights from two different switches a three-way
switching circuit (three wires and two switches) is used
often installed for the top and bottom of stairways.
SWITCHES
SWITCHES
CONVENIENCE OUTLETS/RECEPTACLES
OUTLET - point in a circuit where other devices can be connected.
RECEPTACLE - a device (at an outlet box) to which any plug-in extension line, appliance, or device can be connected
Types of Outlets and Receptacles:
Convenience receptacles - for small appliances and lamps; available in single, double, or multiple-units
Lighting outlets for lamp holders, surface-mounted fixtures, flush or recessed fixtures, lighting fixtures
Special-purpose receptacles - for one electrical device
CONVENIENCE OUTLETS/RECEPTACLES
CONVENIENCE OUTLETS/RECEPTACLES
Type A/Type B/Type O
ELECTRICAL LAYOUT
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