IP ADDRESS

INTERNET PROTOCOL
ADDRESS
It is a numerical label assigned
to each device (e.g., computer,
printer) participating in a computer
network that uses the Internet
Protocol for communication.
INTERNET PROTOCOL
ADDRESS
An IP address serves two principal
functions:

1. Host or network interface

identification
2. Location addressing
INTERNET PROTOCOL
ADDRESS
IP address characteristics:

1. A name indicates what we seek.

2. An address indicates where it is.
3. A route indicates how to get
there.
INTERNET PROTOCOL
ADDRESS
Two Versions of IP address:

1. Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4 )

2. Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6 )
INTERNET PROTOCOL
VERSION 4 (IPV4)
In IPv4 an
address consists
of 32 bits which
limits the
address space
to
4,294,967,296
possible unique
addresses.
 INTERNET PROTOCOL
VERSION 4 (IPV4)
IPv4 addresses are canonically
represented in dot-decimal notation,
which consists of four columns of decimal
numbers, each ranging from 0 to 255,
separated by dots, e.g., 172.16.254.1
Each part
represents a
group of 8 bits
(octet) of the address.
 INTERNET PROTOCOL
VERSION 6 (IPV6)
IPv6 is an
address size was
increased from
32 to 128 bits (16
octets), thus
providing up to
2128
(approximately
3.403×1038)
addresses.
 INTERNET PROTOCOL
VERSION 6 (IPV6)
IPv6 addresses are represented in a
hexadecimal notation, it consists of eight
columns separated by colon.
INTERNET PROTOCOL
VERSION 6 (IPV6)
It was designed due to the rapid
exhaustion of IPv4 address space
prompted the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF) to explore new
technologies to expand the
addressing capability in the Internet.
 SUBNETTING

The practice of dividing a network

into two or more networks.
A logical, visible subdivision of an IP
network is called a subnetwork or
subnet.
 IPV4 SUBNETTING

In the early stages of development

of the IP, network administrators
interpreted an IP address in two parts:
1. network number portion - highest
order octet (most significant eight bits)
2. host number portion – the
remaining bits were called the rest
field or host identifier
 IPV4 SUBNETTING

This early method soon proved

inadequate as additional networks
developed that were independent of the
existing networks already designated by
a network number.
 IPV4 SUBNETTING

Classful network design allowed for a

larger number of individual network
assignments and fine-grained subnetwork
design.
The first three bits of the most
significant octet of an IP address were
defined as the class of the address.
1. Class A – 0 - 127
2. Class B - 128 – 191
3. Class C – 192 -255
 IPV4 SUBNETTING

IPV4 CLASSIFICATIONS
Clas No. of Address per Starting
Ending Address
s Networks Network Address

127.255.255.25
A 128 (27) 16,777,216 (224) 0.0.0.0
5

128.0.0. 191.255.255.25
B 16, 384 (214) 65, 536(216)
0 5

2, 097, 192.0.0. 255.255.255.25

C 256 (28)
152(221) 0 5
 IPV4 SUBNETTING

Depending on the class derived, the

network identification was based on
octet boundary segments of the entire
address. Each class used successively
additional octets in the network
identifier, thus reducing the possible
number
Class
of hosts
Leading bits
in the
Size ofhigher order
network number
Size of rest
classes bit field
bit field

A 0 8 24
B 10 16 16
C 110 24 8
 IPV4 SUBNETTING

SUBNET MASK
The routing prefix of an address is
written in a form identical to that of the
address itself.
Class Subnet Mask
Class A 255.0.0.0
Class B 255.255.0.0
Class C 255.255.255.0
 IPV6 SUBNETTING

The design of the IPv6 address

space differs significantly from IPv4. The
primary reason for subnetting in IPv4 is
to improve efficiency in the utilization of
the relatively small address space
available, particularly to enterprises. No
such limitations exist in IPv6, as the
large address space available, even to
end-users, is not a limiting factor.
 PRIVATE ADDRESS

These addresses are not routed on

the Internet and thus their use need not
be coordinated with an IP address
registry.
IANA Reserved Private IPv4 Network
Range
No. of
Start End
Addresses
24-bit block (/8
10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255 16777216
prefix, 1 x A)
20-bit block (/12
172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255 1048576
prefix, 16 x B)
16-bit block (/16 192.168.255.25
192.168.0.0 65536
prefix, 256 x C) 5
 PRIVATE ADDRESS

Just as IPv4 reserves addresses for

private networks, blocks of addresses
are set aside in IPv6. In IPv6, these are
referred to as unique local addresses
(ULA).
Addresses starting with fe80:,
called link-local addresses,
 IP ADDRESSING METHODS

Internet Protocol addresses are

assigned to a host either anew at the
time of booting, or permanently by fixed
configuration of its hardware or
software.

1. Static IP Addressing
2. Dynamic IP Addressing
 STATIC IP ADDRESS

Are manually assigned to a

computer by an administrator. The exact
procedure varies according to platform.

This contrasts with dynamic IP

addresses, which are assigned either by
the computer interface or host software
like;
 DYNAMIC IP ADDRESS

Are automatically assigned either

by the computer interface or host
software itself, as in Zeroconf, or
assigned by a server using Dynamic
Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP).
In some cases, a network
administrator may implement
dynamically assigned static IP
addresses. In this case, a DHCP server is
used.
 IP CONFLICT

It happens when two devices on the

same local physical network claim to
have the same IP address.
Since only one of the devices is
supposed to be on the network at a
time, the second one to arrive will
generally stop the IP functionality of one
or both of the devices.
 IP BLOCKING AND
FIREWALLS
Firewalls perform Internet Protocol
blocking to protect networks from
unauthorized access. They are common
on today's Internet. They control access
to networks based on the IP address of a
client computer.
Whether using a blacklist or
whitelist.
 IP DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS

Operating
systems provide
various diagnostic
tools to examine
their network
interface and address
configuration.
Windows provides
the command-line
interface tools
ipconfig and netsh.