TM105: Introduction to
Computer Programming
Meeting 1
Introduction to programs and Java
Objectives
• To understand algorithms.
• To write a simple Java program.
• To explain the basic syntax of a Java program.
• To create, compile, and run Java programs.
• To develop Java programs using IntelliJ.
2
Programs
• You tell a computer what to do through
programs.
• Without programs, a computer is an empty
machine.
• Computer programs (software) are instructions to
the computer.
• Computers do not understand human languages,
so you need to use computer languages to
communicate with them.
• Programs are written using programming
languages.
• Good and logical programming is developed
through good pre-code planning and organization
3
(Algorithm).
Programs
• An algorithm is an ordered set of
unambiguous steps that describes a process.
• An algorithm can be implemented in more
than one programming language.
• Algorithms can be designed though the use of
flowcharts or pseudocodes.
• Pseudocode uses English-like phrases to
outline the program.
• Flowchart is a graphical representation of an
algorithm.
4
Flowchart symbols
5
Statement structures
• Sequence – follow instructions from one line to the
next without skipping over any lines
• Decision - if the answer to a question is “Yes” then
one group of instructions is executed. If the answer
is “No,” then another is executed
• Looping – a series of instructions are executed over
and over.
6
The Sequence Structure
• The sequence structure is a case
where the steps in an algorithm are
constructed in such a way that, no
condition step is required.
Example:
• Design an algorithm for finding the
average of six numbers, where the sum
of the numbers is given from the user.
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The Sequence Structure
Pseudocode: Flowchart:
Start
Use variables: sum,
average
Input sum
average = sum / 6
Output the average
Stop
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The Sequence Structure
Example:
Design an algorithm which will accept
two numbers from the user and
calculate the sum and the product,
printing the answers on the screen.
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The Sequence Structure
Flowchart:
Pseudocode: Start
Start Input
Use variables: sum, product, number1
number1, number2 Input
Input number1, number2 sum number2
= number1 +
sum = number1 + number2 number2
print sum Print sum
product = number1 * number2
print product product = number1 x
Stop number2
Print
product
Stop
10
The Decision Structure
• The decision (selection) structure allows the
program to make a decision and change its behavior
based on a condition.
• The condition is a logical test whose outcome is either
true or false.
• The pseudocode and flowchart of the decision structure
is shown below.
• If the condition is true, Task-A is executed. If it is false,
Task-B is executed
Pseudocode: Flowchart:
IF condition is true
task A
ELSE
task-B
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The Decision Structure
Example:
Design an algorithm of a program that reads from
the user a number and displays on the screen a
message if this number is positive or non-
positive.
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The Decision Structure
Pseudocode:
Start
Use variable: number Flowchart:
Input number
IF number > 0
Start
print (“Positive”)
ELSE
Input
print (“Non-positive”)
number
Stop
true number > 0 false
Print Print (“Non-
(“Positive”) positive”)
Stop 13
The Decision Structure
Example:
Design an algorithm of a program that reads from
the user a number representing the total score of
a student and displays on the screen a message if
the student passed or failed.
A student passes, if the score is 50 or more.
Otherwise, fails.
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The Decision Structure
Pseudocode:
Start Flowchart:
Use variable:
Start
score
Input score
IF score >= 50 Input score
print (“Pass”)
ELSE
print (“Fail”) true score >= 50 false
Stop
Print Print
(“Pass”) (“Fail”)
Stop
15
Repetition
• Any program instruction that repeats some statement or
sequence of statements several times is called an
iteration or a loop.
• The repetition structure can be done with the while loop.
• Loops are based on logical tests.
• The While loop: is used to repeat a statement or a block
of statements as long as a condition is true.
• The pseudocode syntax and flowchart of the while loop
are:
Pseudocode: Flowchart:
WHILE (condition)
A statement or block of
statements
ENDWHILE
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Repetition
Example:
Design an algorithm for a program that prints the
numbers from 1 to 5.
Flowchart:
Pseudocode:
Use variable:
number
number = 1
WHILE (number <=
5)
Print number
Add 1 to number
ENDWHILE
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Repetition
Example:
Write the pseudocode for reading the values of 6 test scores and
finding their sum.
a)
Pseudocode
1. Start
2. sum = 0
3. Get the 1st testscore
4. Add first testscore to sum • Notice that there are repeated
5. Get the 2nd testscore
6. Add to sum steps in the solution.
7. Get the 3rd testscore • You should use loop.
8. Add to sum
9. Get the 4th testscore
10. Add to sum
11. Get the 5th testscore
12. Add to sum
13. Get the 6th testscore
14. Add to sum
15. Output the sum
16. Stop
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Repetition
The problem can be solved using loop:
Pseudocode: Flowchart
Start
Use variables: testScore,
sum, i
sum= 0
i=1
WHILE( i<=6)
Input testScore
sum = sum +
testScore
i=i+1
ENDWHILE
Output sum
Stop
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Popular High-Level Languages
Language Description
Ada Named for Ada Lovelace, who worked on mechanical general-purpose computers. The Ada
language was developed for the Department of Defense and is used mainly in defense projects.
BASIC Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. It was designed to be learned and used easily by
beginners.
C Developed at Bell Laboratories. C combines the power of an assembly language with the ease of
use and portability of a high-level language.
C++ C++is an object-oriented language, based on C.
C# Pronounced “C Sharp.” It is a hybrid of Java and C++and was developed by Microsoft.
COBOL COmmon Business Oriented Language. Used for business applications.
FORTRAN FORmula TRANslation. Popular for scientific and mathematical applications.
Java Developed by Sun Microsystems, now part of Oracle. It is widely used for developing platform-
independent Internet applications.
Pascal Named for Blaise Pascal, who pioneered calculating machines in the seventeenth century. It is a
simple, structured, general-purpose language primarily for teaching programming.
Python
A simple general-purpose scripting language good for writing short programs.
Visual Basic Visual Basic was developed by Microsoft and it enables the programmers to rapidly develop
graphical user interfaces.
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Why Java?
• Java is one of the most used computer
programming languages in the world.
• Java is a general purpose programming
language.
• Java is Object-Oriented (OO) — today’s key
programming methodology
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Interpreting/Compiling Source
Code
• A program written in a high-level language is
called a source program or source code.
• Because a computer cannot understand a
source code, a source code must be
translated into machine code for execution.
• The translation can be done using another
programming tool called an interpreter or a
compiler.
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Interpreting Source Code
• An interpreter reads one statement from the
source code, translates it to the machine code
or virtual machine code, and then executes it
right away.
• A statement from the source code may be
translated into several machine instructions.
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Compiling Source Code
• A compiler translates the entire source
code into a machine-code file.
• The machine-code file is then executed.
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Java Programs
• To write Java programs, you need to download
and install the Standard Edition of Java
Development Kit (JDK), which is a development
environment includes tools useful for this
purpose.
• You need also to download an Integrated
Development Environments (IDE) for Java. This
is where you can edit and run your Java code.
• IntelliJ is recommended since it is one of the
most powerful and popular IDEs.
• Guidelines for downloading IntelliJ are available
on the LMS.
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Java Programs
Java programs normally go through 3 steps:
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A Simple Java Program
Single-line
comment
// This program prints Welcome to Java!
public class Welcome
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
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A Simple Java Program
Multi-line
comment
/* This program prints Welcome to Java!
Written by:……….
Date: ………… */
public class Welcome
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
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Reserved words
• Reserved words or keywords are words that have
a specific meaning to the compiler and cannot be
used for other purposes in the program.
• Keywords are always spelled with all lowercase
letters.
• public, class, static and void are all keywords.
!This program prints Welcome to Java //
{ public class Welcome
{ public static void main(String[] args)
;System.out.println("Welcome to Java!")
}
}
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Reserved words
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Class
• Every Java program must have at least
one class.
• Each class has a name.
• Line 2 defines the class: Welcome
!This program prints Welcome to Java //
{ public class Welcome
{ public static void main(String[] args)
;System.out.println("Welcome to Java!")
}
}
31
Class name
• Class name is a sequence of characters
that consists of letters, digits,
underscores (_), and dollar signs ($).
• A class name can not:
• Start with a digit.
• Be a reserved word.
• Contain space(s).
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Class name
Valid class names: Invalid class names:
• Student • 123student
• student • class
• StudentClass • public
• Student_class • static
• void
• Student$class$
• Student Class
• Student1
• 1StudentClass
• _tudentClass$ • Student#Class
• $StudentClass • ?StudentClass
• Class
• Public
It is good programming style to:
- choose meaningful and descriptive names for the class name.
- start the class name with an uppercase character.
The main Method
• Line 3 defines the main method.
• In order to run a class, the class must contain a
method named main.
• The program starts execution from the main method.
!This program prints Welcome to Java //
{ public class Welcome
{ public static void main(String[] args)
;System.out.println("Welcome to Java!")
}
}
34
Statements
• A statement represents an action or a sequence of
actions.
• The statement System.out.println("Welcome to
Java!") is a statement to display (print) the message
"Welcome to Java! ".
• "Welcome to Java! “ is a string.
• String simply is any sequence of characters
!This program
enclosed betweenprints
2 doubleWelcome to Java
quotations "". //
{ public class Welcome
{ public static void main(String[] args)
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
--output--
Welcome to Java!
35
Statements
• There are 3 different print methods in
Java:
• print(): It prints its argument and does not
add a new line to the output.
• println(): It prints its argument and adds a
new line to the output.
• printf(): Is a formatted print (To e discussed
later).
36
Statement Terminator
Every statement in Java ends with a
semicolon (;).
// This program prints Welcome to Java!
public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
37
Blocks
A pair of braces in a program forms a block
that groups components of a program.
// This program prints Welcome to Java!
public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Class block
Method block
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
38
Special Symbols
Character Name Description
{} Opening and closing Denotes a block to enclose statements.
braces
() Opening and closing Used with methods.
parentheses
[] Opening and closing Denotes an array.
brackets
// Double slashes Precedes a comment line.
" " Opening and closing Enclosing a string (i.e., sequence of characters).
quotation marks
; Semicolon Marks the end of a statement.
39
Proper Indentation and Spacing
• Indentation
• Indent some spaces to make your code neat and readable.
// This program prints Welcome to Java!
public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
• Spacing
• Use blank line to separate segments of the code.
40
Block Styles
There are 2 block styles for braces:
1. Next-line style:
// This program prints Welcome to Java!
public class Welcome
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
2. End-of-line style:
// This program prints Welcome to Java!
public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
41
What must you do before the next
meeting?
• Read carefully the material of this
meeting.
• Solve the exercises of the meeting.
42
Exercises
Q1. Write Java programs to do the following:
1. Print your name and your student ID on the standard
output in 2 lines.
2. Print the below text:
I
Love
Java
3. Print the first letter of your name on the standard output
in a nice format. For example, if your name is Ayman, you
should print the letter A as:
A
A A
A A
AAAAAAAAA
A A
A A
A A
43
Exercises
Q2. What is the exact output of the following pieces of
code:
1. System.out.print("Java is a ");
System.out.print("programming language");
2. System.out.println("Java is a ");
System.out.print("programming language");
3.
System.out.println("Java is a\nprogramming\nlanguage");
44
Exercises
Q3. The following code includes 10 compilation errors
(an error per line):
1. Find and correct them.
2. Give the exact output after correcting the cod.
/ Try to find the errors
Public class Test1 {
public static main(String[] a) {
System.out.println('Welcome');
System.out.printIn("to");
System.out.println(“TM105);
System.out.print("Nice ")
System.out.println(Program);
{
]
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