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Lecture-3

Process Economics

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VIVEK BHADANI
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12 views18 pages

Lecture-3

Process Economics

Uploaded by

VIVEK BHADANI
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IIT Delhi

Introduction to process flowsheets, Equipment symbols


and sections of Chemical plants

Prof. Abhijeet Raj


[email protected]
Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Block III-
3B-14
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Hauz Khas, Delhi
110016 1
2
Process Flowsheet
Inception of Idea: 1920’s (Industrial Engineer)
Frank Gilbreth, Sr. introduced the “flow process chart”
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME).
Definitions: The flow diagram which shows the relationships between different
components of process industries.

• Process topology
• Stream information
• Equipment information
Nomenclature/types:

Process Flow Chart, Flowsheet, Block Flow Diagram, Schematic Flow Diagram,
Macro Flowchart, Top-down Flowchart, Piping and Instrument Diagram, System3 Flow
Diagram or System Diagram
Purpose and Benefits: Process
Flowsheet
 To document a process for better
understanding, quality control and
training of employees.

 To study a process for efficiency and


improvement and remove
unnecessary steps, bottlenecks, etc.

 To model a better process or create a


brand-new process.

 To communicate with diagrams that


speak to various roles in the
organization or outside of it.
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Constituent: Process Flowsheet
 Major equipment: Including names and ID numbers. Examples include
compressors, mixers, vessels, pumps, boilers and coolers.
 Process piping
 Process flow direction
 Control valves and process-critical valves
 Major bypass and recirculation systems
 Operational data: Such as pressure, temperature, density, mass flow rate and
mass-energy balance. Values often will include minimum, normal and maximum.
 Composition of fluids
 Process stream names
 Connections with other systems 5
Process Flowsheet
Block Flow Diagram (BFD): It represents major unit operations of system,
providing an overview without much details. Each block can depict a single piece of equipment
or a stage in a process. A rectangle is usually used to show a piece of equipment and labels
illustrate function. The process flow is usually shown from left to right, and arrows show flow
direction.

Process flow diagram (PFD): A PFD indicates the important plant processes
and equipment. The PFD shows the connections between major equipment of a plant without
showing minor details such as piping details, control systems, bypass/emergency measures,
etc.

Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID): is more technical,


describing mechanical details for piping designers, electrical engineers, instrument engineers
and other technical experts who need this detail more than they need process details. P&IDs
take the conceptual aspects of a PFD and add detail about the equipment, process sequence,
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process and utility piping, bypass lines, instruments, valves, vents, drains and other items.
BFD vs PFD

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Aspect of P&I Diagram
P&IDs play an essential role in the process engineering world to show interconnectivity,
but they don’t necessarily include specifications. Specifications are usually provided in
separate documents. But they are incredibly useful in many ways, including:

 Evaluate construction processes


 Serve as a basis for control programming
 Develop guidelines and standards for facility operation
 Produce documents that explain how the process works
 Provide a common language for discussing plant operations
 Create and implement philosophies for safety and control
 Design a conceptual layout of a chemical or manufacturing plant 8

 Form recommendations for cost estimates, equipment design, and pipe design
PFD and P&ID

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Supporting Document P&I Diagram

 Process flow drawings (PFDs). P&IDs originate from PFDs. A PFD is a picture of the
separate steps of a process in sequential order. Elements that may be included are:
sequence of actions, materials or services entering or leaving the process (inputs and
outputs), decisions that must be made, people who become involved, time involved at
each step and/or process measurements.
 Piping material specifications (PMS). Here’s where you find details about materials of
construction, gaskets, bolts, fittings.
 Equipment and instrumentation specifications (EIS). Standards and details too
extensive to fit into the P&ID are included in the EIS including Scope, Standards, Codes
and Specifications, Definitions and Terminology, Materials of Construction, Design Basis,
Mechanical/Fabrication, Guarantees, Testing and Inspection, Documentation and Shipping.
 Functional Requirement Specification (FRS). How the plant or system operates is
detailed in the FRS. It includes the Functional Description, Communication, and Scope
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Definition of the process.
PFD Symbols (Agencies)

1) International Organization for Standardization


(ISO 10628 – Flow Diagrams for Process Plants, General Rules),

2) German Institute for Standardization (DIN)

3) American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

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Vessel Symbols

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Equipment Symbol

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Piping Symbols

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Heat Exchanger and Pumps
Symbols

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Instrument Symbols

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Valve Symbols

Types of valves: https://www.youtube.com/watch?


v=XxAhrF7KZuE 17
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