THEORIES OF

PERSONALITY
Review
This concept of humanity holds that behavior is a function of past
experiences.
A. Pessimism C. Determinism
B. Causality D. Teleology

This general concept of humanity states that people can change and grow
into psychologically healthy, happy, fully functioning human beings.
A. teleology C. optimism
B. causality D. determinism
Which approach to personality presents the most idealistic picture of
human nature?
A. Psychoanalytic C. Trait
B. Humanistic D. Behavioral/social learning
Dimensions for Concept of
Humanity
• Determinism versus free choice
• Pessimism versus optimism
• Causality versus teleology
• Conscious versus unconscious
• Biological versus social
• Uniqueness versus similarities
 Determinis Free Unconsciou Uniquenes Similarities
Theory Pessimism Optimism Causality Teleology Conscious Biological Social
m Choice s s
Psychoanalysis :      
Freud
Individual
      
Psychology: Adler
Analytical
- - - - - -    
Psychology: Jung
Object Relations
        
Theory
Psychoanalytic Social
        
Theory: Horney
Humanistic
Psychoanalysis:           
Fromm
Interpersonal Theory:
- - - - - -  
Sullivan
Post-Freudian
         
Theory: Erikson
Holistic-Dynamic
     - -    
Theory: Maslow
Person-Centered
   - -  
Theory: Rogers
Existential
    - -   
Psychology: May
Psychology of the
        
Individual: Allport
Trait and Factor
Theories: Eysenck, - - - - - - - -  
Costa & Mc Crae
Behavioral Analysis:
     
Skinner
Social Cognitive
Theory: Albert        
Bandura
Cognitive Social
Learning Theory:  - -      
Rotter and Mischel
Psychology of
Personal Constructs:      
Kelly
Personology: Henry
    - -    
Murray
Bandura believes that people are self-regulating, proactive,
self-reflective, and self-organizing. Hence, his theory is said
to be high in

A. free choice. C. optimism.

B. teleology. D. determinism.
Freud could be seen as nomothetic in perspective if one were to
concentrate on Freud’s view on
A. id, ego, and superego. C. dreams.
B. defense mechanisms. D. stages of sexual development.
For something to be part of personality it should
A. always be evident. C. be relatively stable over time.
B. never change. D. apply to all people.

Personality psychologists are more likely to agree that

A. genetics account for nearly all differences among people.
B. personality is best explained by a variety of theories.
C. there is a single best definition of personality.
D. personality refers mostly to surface appearance.
E. personality is stable across situations and not fluctuating.
In Galen’s extension of Hipporates’ humoral
theory, yellow bile is associated with what
temperament?

A. Sanguine C. Melancholic
B. Phlegmatic D. Choleric
Humoral Theory
Humor Temperament Characteristic
Sluggish,
Phlegm Phlegmatic
unemotional
Blood Sanguine cheerful
Yellow Bile Choleric quick-tempered
Black Bile Melancholic sad
A 38-year old woman quits her high-paying marketing
job to focus on her children and become a school
counselor. What stage would Erikson consider this to
be:

A. Identity vs. Role Confusion

B. Generativity vs. Stagnation
C. Ego Integrity vs. Despair
D. Industry vs. Inferiority
______ is the core pathology of adolescence.

A. Inhibition D. Role Repudiation

B. Compulsion E. Stagnation
C. Inferiority
Mike has a difficult time making friends at school. He has trouble
completing his school work accurately and on time, and as a result,
receives little positive feedback from his teacher and parents.
According to Erikson’s theory, failure at this stage of development
results in
A. feelings of inferiority. C. a poor sense of self.
B. a sense of guilt. D. mistrust.
Psychosocial Stages of Development
•
a) The growth takes places according to the epigenetic principle.

b) In every stage of life, there is an interaction of opposites – between a syntonic (harmonious) element and a
dystonic (disruptive) element.

People must have both harmonious and disruptive experiences for proper adaptation (e.g. trust and mistrust).

c) At each stage, the conflict between syntonic and dystonic elements produces an ego quality or ego strength,
referred to as basic strength

d) Too little basic strength at any one stage results in a core pathology for that stage (e.g. insufficient hope will
lead to withdrawal)

e) Although Erikson referred to his eight stages as psychosocial stages, he never lost sight of the biological aspect
of human development.

f) Events in earlier stages do not cause later personality development. Ego identity is shaped is shaped by a
multiplicity of conflict and events – past, present, and anticipated.

g) During each stage, but especially from adolescence forward, personality development is characterized by an
identity crisis, “a turning point, a crucial point of increased vulnerability and heightened potential.”
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

Psychosexual Psychosocial Basic Significant

Stage Core Pathology
Mode Crisis Strength Relations
The mothering
Infancy Oral-Sensual Trust vs. Mistrust Hope Withdrawal
one
Early Anal-Urethral- Autonomy vs. Shame
Will Compulsion Parents
Childhood Muscular & Doubt
Genital-
Play Age Initiative vs. Guilt Purpose Inhibition Family
Locomotor
Industry vs. Neighborhood,
School Age Latency Competence Inertia
Inferiority school
Identity vs. Role
Adolescence Puberty Fidelity Peer groups
Identity Confusion Repudiation
Sexual
Young Intimacy vs.
Genitality Love Exclusivity partners,
Adulthood Isolation
friends
Divided labor &
Generativity vs.
Adulthood Procreativity Care Rejectivity shared
Stagnation
household
Generalized Integrity vs.
Old Age Wisdom Disdain All humanity
Sensuality Despair, Disgust
What psychosocial stage in Erikson’s theory is characterized by the
basic strength of ‘purpose’ and core pathology of ‘inhibition’?
A. Young adulthood C. Play age
B. Adolescence D. School age

According to Erikson, the psychosexual mode of adulthood is

A. genitality. C. procreativity.
B. generalized sensuality. D. oral-sensual.
Jane, a preschooler, insists on dressing herself each morning
for school, even though she generally selects mismatching
outfits, misses buttons, and wears her shoes on the wrong
feet. When her mother tries to dress Jane or fix her outfit,
Jane brushes her mother off and insists on doing it herself.
What psychosocial conflict best describes Jane’s behavior?

A. trust vs. mistrust

B. autonomy vs. shame and doubt
C. initiative vs. guilt
D. industry vs. inferiority
In contrast to Freud, Erikson’s stages of development

A. placed more emphasis on unconscious motivation.

B. elevated social factors over biological ones.
C. extended Freud’s psychosexual stages into
adulthood.
D. all of these
In his psychosexual stages of development, Erikson assumed the
following basic points except one. Which one?

A. One stage emerges from and is built upon a previous stage.

B. People must acquire only the harmonious elements (syntonic) at
each stage.
C. Erikson did not overlook the biological aspects of human
development.
D. The basic strengths of earlier stages are crucial in later stages of
development.
Bandura believes that learning

A. can occur in the absence of a response.

B. is facilitated by the environment.
C. and performance are identical.
D. is not facilitated by reinforcement.
Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

- Bandura believes that observation allows people to learn without

performing any behavior.

- For Bandura, observational learning is much more efficient than

learning through direct experience.
To assess personality, social learning theorists prefer
A. objective tests. C. projective tests.
B. observation. D. interviews.
One criticism of humanistic theories of personality is
that the theories

A. overgeneralize from animal behavior to human

behavior.
B. are unrealistically optimistic about human
nature.
C. lack a strong theoretical framework.
D. have a sexist bias.
With regard to psychological tests, humanistic-
oriented therapists:
A. never use them.
B. make limited use of them.
C. incorporate them into treatment
regularly.
D. incorporate them only for assistance
with diagnosis.
Fromm posited that when existential needs are
satisfied, people will

A. move toward a reunion with the natural world.

B. move toward fulfilling their full potentials.
C. achieve a stable personality
D. overcome feelings of inferiority.
The positive component of human transcendence is

A. wholeness. C. love.
B. creativeness. D. individuality.

Rootedness can be sought in a non-productive way

through

A. fixation. C. regression.
B. pursuit of irrational goals. D. aggression.
ERICH FROMM: Humanistic
Psychoanalysis
- His humanistic psychology assumes that humanity’s separation from
the natural world has produced feelings of loneliness and isolation, a
condition called basic anxiety

Negative Positive
Human Needs
Component Component
Submission or
Relatedness Love
domination
Transcendence Destructiveness Creativeness
Rootedness Fixation Wholeness
Adjustment to a
Sense of Identity Individuality
group
Frame of
Irrational goals Rational Goals
Orientation
Matt is passive, submissive, and lacks self-confidence. Fromm might
have expected that Matt is adopting what non-productive character
orientation?
A. Exploitative C. Marketing
B. Receptive D. Hoarding

Freud’s anal character is similar to Fromm’s _______ character.

A. receptive C. exploitative
B. hoarding D. marketing
Character Orientations
(1) Receptive
- Receptive characters feels that the source of all good lies outside
themselves and that the only way that they can relate to the world is to
receive things including love, knowledge, and material possessions.
- They are more concerned with receiving than with giving.

(2) Exploitative
- They also believe that the source of all good is outside themselves, however,
they aggressively take what they desire rather than passively receive it.
Character Orientations
(3) Hoarding
- Hoarding characters seek to save that which they have already obtained.
- They tend to live in the past and are repelled by anything new.

(4) Marketing
- Marketing characters see themselves as commodities, with their personal
value dependent on the exchange value, that is their ability to sell themselves.
- They see themselves as being in constant demand; they must make others
believe that they are skillfull and salable.
These two character orientations both believe that the source of all
good lies outside themselves.

A. Hoarding and marketing C. Receptive and exploitative

B. Receptive and hoarding D. Marketing and exploitativ
Existentialists believe

A. that people form their lives by the choices they

make.
B. in the transformation of energy within the
personality.
C. that each person strives for growth and has a
need for wholeness.
D. that focus should be placed on behaviors as well
as their cognitions.
Which of the following views, about anxiety, best encapsulates existential belief?

A. Anxiety is always a negative condition.

B. Anxiety leads to unhealthy and unproductive decisions.
C. Anxiety is not always negative, it can serve to motivate
some individuals toward healthy and productive decisions.
D. A and B are correct, but not C.

Existentialists believe

A. that people form their lives by the choices they make.

B. in the transformation of energy within the personality.
C. that each person strives for growth and has a need for
wholeness.
D. that focus should be placed on behaviors as well as their
cognitions.
Which of the following practices is antithetical to the thrust of the
existential approach?

A. using psychological tests

B. sharing personal experiences with clients
C. focusing treatment on living productively in the present
D. abstaining diagnoses in accordance with the Diagnostic
and Statistical Manual
Based on Roger’s personality theory, which is least likely to create
psychological problems
A. Randy who sees himself as worthwhile if he behaves as he
believes he should behave.
B. Pat who sees herself much more positively than others to
see her.
C. Jerry who sees his ‘self’ as very different from his ‘ideal
self.’
D. Jen who sees her ‘self’ as very similar to her ‘ideal self.’
Carl Rogers
• Became well know for the nondirective approach in counseling
• A human’s actualizing tendency is realized only under certain
conditions: empathy, unconditional positive regard, congruence.
Kara is very pessimistic that she consistently views herself
negatively and critically. Her classmates would always
remark favorably on her. Rogers believed that such praise
and compliments are most likely to

A. be distorted by Kara.
B. reinforce Kara’s negative behavior.
C. enhance Kara’s self-esteem.
D. be easily accepted into Kara’s self-concept.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is based on which premise?
A. All humans acquire a similar set of motives through
genetic endowment and social interaction.
B. Some motives are more basic or critical than others.
C. The more basic motives must be satisfied to a minimum
level before others are activated.
D. A and C, but not B
E. all of these
Abraham Maslow
- Maslow’s theory accepted
some tenets of
psychoanalysis and
Self-Actualization
behaviorism just like other
Esteem humanistic theories.
However, he criticized both
Love & Belongingness theories for their limited
views of humanity and their
Safety
inadequate understanding of
Physiological the psychologically healthy
person.
Characteristics of Self-Actualized
Individuals
• Characteristics of Self-Actualizing People
1. More efficient perception of reality
2. Acceptance of self, others, and nature
3. Spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness
4. Problem-centering
5. The need for privacy
6. Autonomy
7. Continued freshness of appreciation
8. The peak experience
9. Gemeinschaftsgefühl or social interest, or a sense of oneness with the humanity
10. Profound interpersonal relations
11. The democratic character structure
12. Discrimination between means and ends
13. Philosophical sense of humor
14. Creativeness
15. Resistance to enculturation
The personality theories of Sullivan, Maslow, Rogers, and others that
emphasize interpersonal relations deal mostly with
A. Umwelt. C. Eigenwelt.
B. Mitwelt. D. Dasein.
Rollo May: Existential Psychology
-Many people suffer from anxiety and despair brought on by their
alienation from themselves or from their world. Alienation manifests
itself in three areas:
1. separation from nature (umwelt)
2. lack of meaningful interpersonal relations (mitwelt)
3. alienation from one’s authentic self (eingenwelt)
- People experience three simultaneous modes in their being-in-the-
world.
The college student who never misses a class
and has a good GPA would probably prove to
have a high degree of _________ as measured
on five-factor personality assessment.

A. conscientiousness D. agreeableness
B. openness E. neuroticism
C. extraversion
HANS J. EYSENCK, ROBERT R. McCRAE, & PAUL
T. COSTA, JR.: Trait and Factor Theories

• Raymond B. Catell’s trait theory enhances the understanding of

Eysenck’s three-factor theory.
• The personality theory of Hans Eysenck has strong psychometric and
biological components.
• Eysenck extracted only three general superfactors: The three personality
dimensions are extraversion (E), neuroticism (N), and pscyhoticism (P).
• Eysenck regarded all three factors as part of normal personality structure. All
three are bipolar, with extraversion on one pole and introversion at the other,
neuroticism/stability, and psychoticism/superego function.
• EXTRAVERSION
- The differences between extraverts and introverts are
not behavioral, but rather biological and genetic in
nature. One is the cortical arousal level, a physiological
condition that is largely inherited rather than learned

• NEUROTICISM
- People who score high on neuroticism often have a
tendency to overact emotionally and to have difficulty
returning to normal state after emotional arousal. They
frequently complain of physical symptoms.

• PSYCHOTICISM
• High psychoticism scores are often egocentric, cold,
nonconforming, impulsive, hostile, aggressive,
suspicious, psychopathic, and antisocial. People low
on psychoticism, in the direction of superego function,
tend to be altruistic, highly socialized, empathic,
caring, cooperative, conforming, and conventional.
 High Scores Low Scores

Extraversion
affectionate
joiner
talkative
reserved
loner
quiet
Big Five
fun loving
active
sober
passive Personality:
OCEAN
passionate unfeeling
High Scores Low Scores
anxious calm
temperamental even-tempered
Neuroticism self-pitying self-satisfied
self-conscious comfortable
emotional unemotional
vulnerable hardy
High Scores Low Scores
imaginative down-to-earth
creative uncreative
Openness original conventional
prefers variety prefers routine
curios uncurious
liberal conservative
High Scores Low Scores
softhearted ruthless
trusting suspicious
Agreeableness generous stingy
acquiescent antagonistic
lenient critical
good-natured irritable
High Scores Low Scores
conscientious negligent
hardworking lazy
Conscientious well-organized disorganized
punctual late
ambitious aimless
persevering quitting
People who score high on the psychoticism (P) scale are

A. egocentric, aggressive, and hostile.

B. empathetic, caring, and cooperative.
C. obsessive-compulsive, hysterical, and suggestible.
D. introverted, quiet, and thoughtful.

This includes traits like being organized, thorough, and planful.

A. Conscientiousness C. Openness to experience

B. Agreeableness D. Introversion
Eysenck’s approach to personality research is similar to
Cattell’s approach in that

A. both emphasized the role of biology in determining

personality.
B. both are concerned with identifying the basic structure
of personality.
C. both identified the same number of basic personality
factors.
D. both emphasized the distinction between extraversion
and introversion.
Jerome tends to have strong reactions to emotional events. He becomes
overly excited and panic when facing even mild stress, and takes a long
time to recover from these experiences. Eysenck might say this man is
high on which personality dimension?

A. extraversion C. psychoticism
B. neuroticism D. emotionality

Andrew has strong opinions and enjoys a good argument in which he

can stand up for his beliefs. He prefers to work where he can compete
with others, rather than an organization that stresses cooperation.
Andrew would probably score low on a measure of

A. openness. C. introversion.
B. conscientiousness. D. agreeableness
According to Eysenck, introverts and extraverts are different in many
respects. The most important difference is
A. psychological health versus psychological disturbance
B. subjectivity versus disturbance
C. their way of viewing the world
D. level of cortical arousal.

According to Eysenck’s original model, which of the following is true

about extraverts?
A. They originally have a high level of cortical arousal.
B. They have learned through early experiences to enjoy
social events.
C. They generally have a low level of cortical arousal.
D. They are low in neuroticism.
For Adler, the factor underlying all types of maladjustment is
A. conflict between life and death instincts.
B. poor child-caretaker relationship.
C. self-hatred.
D. underdeveloped social interest.

Ben is highly competitive but is also easily discouraged. In Adler’s

view, what is possibly Ben’s birth order then?
A. Youngest child C. Second child
B. Oldest child D. Only child
Inferiority Feelings
• We begin life with significant inferiority feelings
• Not a negative factor in life
• Yet, we are motivated to strive for superiority
• Moving from a perceived lower to a better position
• Adler himself was characterized as frail and fearful
• Striving for superiority is not healthy; we should strive for success.

• We can become whatever we want to become (creative power). We

act and think in relation to our goals.
Alfred Adler
A physically handicapped boy is unable to participate in football, so
he compensates by becoming a great scholar. This tells in Adler’s
tenet on striving for success and superiority that

A. people are highly motivated to self-actualize.

B. the final goal is fictional and has no objective existence.
C. motivation should be considered according to its final
purpose.
D. the goal of personal superiority or success may take any
form, not a mirror image of the deficiency feelings
Karen Horney: Psychoanalytic
Social Theory
• Social rather than biological forces are paramount in personality development

• We feel alone in a potentially hostile and competitive world which leads to an

intensified need for love

• Horney was critical of Freud’s approach

• Horney hypothesized that a difficult childhood is primarily responsible for
neurotic needs. These needs become powerful because they are the child’s
only means of gaining feelings of safety.
• This will develop to become feelings of anxiety.. The feeling of being isolated
and helpless in a world conceived as hostile
Phil was often picked on and teased by his parents and other children
when growing up. He soon learned to keep people at a distance, to
spend most of his time alone. He continued this pattern as an adult,
settling on a bookkeeping job that keeps him working in solitude most
of the time. Which neurotic trend does Phil display according to
Horney?

A. moving toward people C. moving against people

B. moving away from people D. moving without people
Karen Horney: Psychoanalytic Social
Theory
Protective mechanisms from feelings of isolation
(1) affection
(2) submissiveness
(3) striving for power, prestige or possession
(4) withdrawal
- Everyone uses these various protective devices to guard against the
rejection, hostility, and competitiveness of others. People become
unhealthy when people feel compelled to rely on them.
Neurotic Needs
• The neurotic need for affection and approval
• The neurotic need for a powerful partner
• The neurotic need to restrict one’s life with narrow borders
• The neurotic need for power
• The neurotic need to exploit others
• The neurotic need for social recognition or prestige
• The neurotic need for personal admiration
• The neurotic need for self-independence
• The neurotic need for perfection and unassailability
Neurotic Trends
Normal Defenses (Spontaneous Movement)
• Neurotics are limited to the use of a single
Toward people
(friendly, loving personality)
Against people
trend, whereas normals can choose a
(a survivor in a competitive society)
Away from people variety of strategies.
- Neurotics are unaware of their basic
(autonomous, serene personality)

attitude and they are forced to act.

Neurotic Defenses (Compulsive Movement)

Toward people (1-3)

(compliant personality)
Against people (4-8) • Horney also theorize the importance of
intrapsychic conflict (idealized self-image)
(aggressive personality)
Away from people (9-10)
(detached personality)

• Neurotic need for glory, neurotic claims

Which of the following is not true about Maslow’s needs hierarchy?

A. The order in which needs are satisfied varies from culture to

culture.
B. Occasionally, the hierarchal order of the basic needs is reversed.
C. Physiological needs have a constantly recurring nature.
D. A self-actualized person has no motivation to return to a lower
stage of development.
Horney criticized orthodox psychoanalysis for its
A. overemphasis on clinical research.
B. underemphasis on clinical research.
C. theoretical rigidity.
D. simplicity.

What is most likely the cause of the intrapsychic conflict of self-hatred?

A. when the real self does not match the insatiable demands of the
idealized self
B. when people deny their destiny and consequently lose their
freedom
C. when people tend to live in the past and are repelled by new
D. when people suffer from feelings of inadequacy, disintegration,
and unfulfillment
If a woman feels alienated from her femininity and yearns that she
were a man, Horney would say that the woman’s neurotic desire to
be a man stems from
A. penis envy.
B. lack of relationship with the mothering one during infancy.

C. experiences that implicate cultural privileges for men.

D. unsatisfied need for love and affection.

Horney would say that children who constantly feel helpless are likely
to develop
A. narcissistic personality. C. detached personality.
B. aggressive personality. D. compliant personality.
In psychoanalytic social theory of Horney, protective mechanisms are
mainly used by people to

A. help the ego avoid dealing directly with unwanted impulses.

B. shield their fragile self-esteem from public disgrace.
C. protect the ego against the accompanying anxiety brought about
by their own destructive fantasies.
D. guard one’s self against the rejection, hostility, and
competitiveness of others.
E. flee from the burden brought about by freedom.
• What would be the consequence of feelings of isolation according to
Horney?
A. intensified need for affection
B. restricted style of life
C. reduced striving for superiority
D. increased independence and self-sufficiency
Behaviorism
Negative punishments _______ the frequency of the responses they follow. Positive
reinforcements _______ the frequency of the responses they follow.
A. increase; decrease C. decrease; decrease
B. increase; increase D. decrease; increase

According to the behaviorist position, why don’t classically conditioned phobias

extinguish after the pairing is removed?
A. People expect that the feared object will continue to hurt them.
B. The fear and associated behaviors, such as running away from the
feared object, are often reinforced.
C. The fear of the original object generalizes to additional objects.
D. The feared object has lost all of its reinforcement value.
Behaviorism
According to B.F. Skinner, we are mistaken when we look to inner
causes for our actions because
A. inner mental sates have no impact on behavior.
B. we have not identified the cause of behavior.
C. only a few of the most obvious inner states, such as
anxiety, can be a cause for our behavior.
D. subjective feelings are result of our behavior, not the
cause.
• In operant conditioning, spontaneous recovery refers to the

A. temporary occurrence of the conditioned response to

the presence of the conditioned stimulus after undergoing
extinction.
B. temporary recovery in the state of emitting a response
after extinction.
C. reduction in an operant response when it is no longer
followed by the reinforcer.
D. tendency for some stimuli but not others to elicit a
conditioned response.
E. process in which a person emits the same response to a
stimuli.
A five year-old child engages in frequent temper tantrums that usually
results in the parents giving in to the demands. How is the behavior of
the child plausibly maintained using key principles of operant
conditioning?
A. the child’s behavior has been negatively reinforced
B. the child’s behavior has been positively reinforced
C. the child’s behavior has been positively punished
D. the child’s behavior has been negatively punished
If Freud were to have abandoned his concept of the Oedipus complex,
he would have needed to come up with another for how
A. unconscious needs are expressed in dreams.
B. the superego develops.
C. fixation affects adult personalities.
D. defense mechanisms work.

Which personality structure did Freud believe was responsible for

creating defense mechanisms?
A. Superego C. Id
B. Ego D. none of these
• As an adult Abby is uptight and extremely rigid, often unwilling to make even
small adjustments in her schedule. At what psychosexual stage is she fixated?
A. oral C. anal
B. genital D. latency

• One of the theoretical breakthroughs in psychoanalysis is the notion of

analysis of dreams. Freud would disagree that
A. dream is a symbolic expression of a wish that the dreamer could not
express or satisfy directly without experiencing anxiety.
B. dream symbols are universal; having the same meaning in everyone’s
dreams.
C. conscious description of the dream given by the dreamer is as extensive
as its unconscious material.
D. interpretation of dream symbols comes from a person’s own
experience.
According to Freud, the ego operates
A. only consciously.
B. only preconsciously.
C. partly preconsiously, partly unconsciously.
D. partly consciously, partly preconsciously, partly
unconsciously.

What would happen if the superego gets too strong according to Freud?
A. the person would be driven by rigid morals
B. the person would take into consideration the reality of every
situation
C. the person would be judgmental and unbending in his or her
interactions with the world
D. impulses and self-gratification take over the person’s life
This defense mechanism is often the result of a lack of insight and
acknowledgement of one’s own motivation and feelings.
A. Reaction formation C. Compartmentalization
B. Projection D. Regression

Kevin looks up to his father and every day becomes more and more
like him. Freud referred to this process as _______ and saw it as
the key step in the development of the superego.
A. reaction formation C. sublimation
B. identification D. displacement
Which one of the following defense mechanisms illustrates displacement?
A. A student earns a failing grade on a paper and says to her
classmates, “I only got this grade because the
teacher doesn’t like me.”
B. A man suffers from alcoholism and has entered rehabilitation. What
he really wants is to drink, but he expresses that he hates alcohol.
C. One friend observes another exerting strong willpower over diet and
exercise, then models this behavior.
D. An employee who cannot yell back to his demanding boss goes home
and yells at his wife and kicks the family dog.
E. People who are cheating on a partner make false accusations of
cheating against the faithful partner.
The only defense mechanism that is conscious is
A. sublimation. C. suppression.
B. introjections. D. repression.
(1) Repression – It is the most basic of the defense mechanisms. When
the ego is threatened by undesirable id impulses, it forces threatening
feelings into the unconscious.

(2) Reaction Formation – repressed impulse becomes conscious by

adopting a disguise that is directly opposite to its original form

(3) Displacement – unacceptable urges are redirected onto a variety of

people or objects so that the original impulse is disguised or concealed

(4) Regression – a reversion in which during times of stress and anxiety

of a developmental stage, the libido reverts back to an earlier stage.
Infantile and rigid in nature just like fixation, but is usually temporary.
• (6) Projection – seeing in others unacceptable feelings or tendencies that actually
resides in one’s own unconscious. The ego may reduce the anxiety by attributing
the unwanted impulse to an external object, usually another person. A severe
variety of it is called paranoia.

(7) Introjection - a defense mechanism whereby people incorporate positive

qualities of another person into their own ego. People introject characteristics that
they see as valuable and that will permit them to feel better about themselves.

(8) Sublimation – is the repression of the genital aim of Eros by substituting a

cultural or social aim.

(9) Rationalization – involves covering up the true reasons for actions, thoughts, or
feelings by making up excuses and incorrect explanations
CARL JUNG: Analytical Psychology
• Collective Unconscious – This has roots in the ancestral past of the entire
species. The physical contents of the collective unconscious are inherited and
pass from one generation to the next as a psychic potential.
- This refers to human’s innate tendency to react in a particular way whenever
their experiences stimulate a biologically inherited response tendency.

• Countless repetition of these biologically based predispositions have them

part of the human biological constitution which then begin to develop some
content and to emerge as a relatively autonomous archetypes.
Archetypes
• Persona (the personality that we show to the world)
• Shadow (qualities we do not wish to acknowledge and we attempt to
hide)
• Anima (the feminine side of men’s personality)
• Animus (the masculine side of women’s personality)
• Great Mother (fertility and nourishment)
• Wise old man (wisdom and meaning)
• Self (the most comprehensive of all archetypes, represents striving for
unity and wholeness)
Attitudes and Psychological Types
• Intoversion
- is the turning inward of psychic energy with an orientation toward
the subjective.
• Extraversion
- is the turning outward of psychic energy with an orientation toward
the objective.
Four Functions
• 4 Functions

Sensing – tells people that something exists

Extraverted sensing- people perceive external stimuli objectively
Introverted sensing – guided by their subjective interpretation of sense stimuli
Thinking – enables them to recognize its meaning
Extraverted thinking – relying heavily on concrete thoughts, objective
Introverted thinking – interpretation of an event is colored more by the internal meaning, subjective
Feeling – tells them its value or worth
Extraverted feeling – people use objective data to make evaluations
Introverted feeling - people base their value judgments primarily on subjective perceptions
Intuiting – allows them to know without knowing how they know
Extraverted intuitive people – are oriented towards facts in the external world
Introverted intuitive people – are guided by unconscious perceptions of facts that are basically
subjective and have no resemblance to external stimuli
Which one of the following is not correct regarding Jung’s concept of
the collective unconscious?
A. Consciousness plays a minor role in Jung’s theory.
B. The collective unconscious lies dormant; it does not
influence our thoughts and moods.
C. Archetypes cannot be directly represented, only when
activated that it expresses itself through several modes.
D. The most important part of the unconscious springs not
from personal experiences, but from inherited from our
ancestors.
Which of the following correctly describes Jung’s personality typing?

A. Personality typing does predict intelligence.

B. Everyone primarily uses both sides of each personality
dimension, but has a preference over one or the other.
C. People are exclusively one or the other in each psychological
type.
D. People are born with a specific personality type, but their types
relatively change throughout life.
MELANIE KLEIN: Object Relations
Theory
- Klein stressed the importance of the first 4 to 6 months after birth.
- an offspring of Freud’s instinct theory but differs in three general ways:

(1) It places less emphasis on biologically based drives and more importance on
consistent patterns of interpersonal relationships.
(2) It tends to be more maternal, stressing the intimacy and nurturing of the
mother, as opposed to Freud’s rather paternalistic theory that emphasizes the
power and control of the father.
(3) Object relations theorists generally see human contact and relatedness –
not sexual pleasure as the prime motive of human behavior.