KINETIC THEORY
OF GASES
By - SHRUTI GARG
XI - A
Roll no. 40
TOPICS TO BE COVERED
• What are ideal gases?
• Gas Laws
• Ideal Gas Equation
• Kinetic theory of ideal gases – assumptions
• How does a gas exerts pressure
• Expression for pressure exerted by gas
IDEAL GASES
An ideal gas is a theoretical gas composed of many randomly
moving point particles that are not subject to interparticle
interactions. The ideal gas concept is useful because it obeys
the ideal gas law, a simplified equation of state, and is
amenable to analysis under statistical mechanics.
The requirement of zero interaction can often be relaxed if, for
example, the interaction is perfectly elastic or regarded as
point-like collisions.
BOYLE'S LAW
It states that the volume of a given mass of a gas is inversely
proportional to its pressure, provided the temperature remains
constant.
Mathematically,
V = K/P or PV= K
P1V1 = P2V2
CHARLE'S LAW
if the pressure remains constant, then the volume of a given
mass of a gas increases or decreases by 1/273.5 of it's volume
at 0°C for each 1 °C rise or fall of temperature.
P = KT
GAY LUSSAC'S LAW
if the volume remains constant, then the volume of a given
mass of a gas increases or decreases by 1/273.5 of it's volume
at 0°C for each 1 °C rise or fall of temperature.
V/T = K
IDEAL GAS EQUATION
For one mole of a gas, the constant has same value for all gases and is
called universal gas constant, denoted by R. So the above equation becomes
-
PV = RT
For n moles of a gas,
PV = nRT
This is perfect or ideal gas equation.
If v is the volume of 1 gram mass of the gas and M is the molecular mass,
then the
number of moles is n = Mass of the gas(in g) / molecular mass
Universal Gas Constant
R =PV/nT
=pressure × volume/number of moles × temperature
=work done/ number of moles × temperature
KINETIC THEORY OF AN IDEAL
GAS
ASSUMPTIONS
• All gases consist of molecules. The molecules are rigid,
elastic spheres identical in all respects for a given gas and
different for different gases.
• The size of a molecule is negligible compared with the
average distance between the molecules.
• The molecules are in a state of continuous random motion,
moving in all directions with all possible velocities.
• During the random motion, the molecules collide with one
another and with the walls of the vessel. During collision,
their velocities are changed in magnitude and direction.
• The collisions are perfectly elastic and there are no forces of
attraction or repulsion between the molecules. Thus all
internal energy the gas is kinetic.
• Between two collisions a molecule moves In a straight path
with a uniform velocity. The average distance covered by a
molecule between two successive collisions is called mean
free path.
• The collisions are almost instantaneous i.e the time during
which a collision lasts is negligible compared to the time of
the free path between the molecules.
• In spite of the molecular collisions, the density remains
uniform throughout the gas.
RELATION BETWEEN PRESSURE
AND K.E. PER UNIT VOLUME
P = 1/3pv²
Mass per unit volume of the gas = volume*density
= 1*p
=p
Average K.E. of translation per unit volume of the gas,
P = 2/3 E = 2/3 × Average K.E. per unit volume
EXPRESSION FOR PRESSURE
EXERTED BY A GAS
Change in momentum of the molecule
= - mvx - mvx = - 2 mvx
Momentum imparted to the wall in each
collision = 2 mvx
Half of such molecules are moving towards the wall
and other half away from the wall.
∴Number of molecules hitting wall of area A
in time ∆t
∴Number of molecules hitting wall of area A in time ∆T =
1/2 Av× ∆t × number of molecules per unit volume
= 1/2 Av× ∆t n
Total momentum transferred to the wall in time ∆t is
∆p = 2 mvx× 1/2 Av× ∆t n = nmv୶A ∆t
Force exerted on the wall of area A = ∆p/∆t = nmvxA
Pressure on the wall = force/ area = nmv² A / A
or P = nmv²
∴P = nmv²x
the gas is isotropic. So the molecular velocities are almost equally
distributed in different directions.
where v²x the root mean square velocity of the molecules.
Hence, P = 1/3 nm²x
Density of gas,P = mass/ volume = nm/1 = nm
Therefore,P = 1/3pv²
THANK YOU
BY- SHRUTI
XI - A
40
