Pile reinforcement Detailing
APRIL 21, 2025
1
KNOWLEDGE SHARING SESSION
Introduction
What is Pile foundation:
• A Pile foundation, is a kind of deep foundation, that can be defined as
a slender column or long cylinder made of materials such as concrete
or steel which are used to support the structure and transfer the load
at desired depth either by end bearing or skin friction or both.
April 21, 2025
2
Knowledge Sharing Session
Types of Pile foundation:
Sheet Piles
Load Bearing Piles (End
Based on function or use
bearing/Friction Piles)
Soil Compactor Piles
Pile foundation
Timber Piles
Concrete Piles
Based on material method
Steel Piles
Composite Piles
APRIL 21, 2025
3
Knowledge Sharing Session
Reinforcement Detailing of Piles:
Where to find guidelines?
Eurocode:
› EN1992-1-1:2004, Section 8 & 9– Detailing of Reinforcement and Detailing of Members;
› EN1536:2010, Execution of bored piles, Section 7.5– Reinforcement;
Indian Standards:
› IRC: 112-2020, Section 15 & 16– Detailing: General Requirements and Detailing
Requirements of Structural Members;
› IRC: 78-2014, Section 709- Pile foundation
› IS 2911 (Part1/Sec 2): 2010- Design and Construction of Pile foundations (Bored Cast In-situ
Concrete Piles)
(for seismic zones):
› EN1998-2, Section 6- Detailing
› IRC: SP: 114-2018, Guidelines for Seismic Design of Road Bridges
APRIL 21, 2025
4 KNOWLEDGE SHARING SESSION
Reinforcement Detailing of Piles:
Reinforcement Criteria Euro Code (EN 1992-1-1: 9.8.5(3)) Indian Standards (IRC 78: 709.4.4)
Minimum percentage of Depends on Pile cross-sectional area
0.4% of Pile cross-sectional area
longitudinal reinforcement (refer Table 9.6N)
4%
Maximum percentage of
(EN 1992-1-1: cl.9.5, taken from column 2.5%
longitudinal reinforcement
section)
Longitudinal reinforcement 12mm/6nos.
16mm/6nos.
minimum diameter/number (IRC 112: 16.2)
8mm
Lateral reinforcement 6mm or ¼ of max. longitudinal bar dia.
(shall always be provided in the form of
minimum diameter (circular rings or spiral)
spiral)
Clear cover to the reinforcement As per exposure class 75mm
April 21, 2025
5
Knowledge Sharing Session
Reinforcement Detailing of Piles:
Clear spacing between the reinforcements:
The minimum clear spacing between longitudinal or transverse reinforcement must be sufficient to allow free passage of the concrete through the
cage and into the space between the cage and the borehole wall.
Maximum spacing between the bars (clear) = 200mm [EN 1992-1-1: cl.9.8.5(3)]
Minimum spacing between bars (clear) = 100mm [EN1536, 7.5.2.6] &
Minimum spacing between bars (clear) = 80mm, at lap location [EN1536, 7.5.2.7]
The clear distance of transverse bars shall not be less than the clear distance as set out for the longitudinal reinforcement
[EN1536, 7.5.3.2]
As an example – If clear spacing Longitudinal bars=150mm then,
clear spacing Transverse bars ≥150mm
APRIL 21, 2025
6 KNOWLEDGE SHARING SESSION
Reinforcement Detailing of Piles:
General details/considerations (Good Practices):
› Transverse reinforcement:
Spiral Hook, or Circular stirrups
Circular stirrup details
Spiral Hook detail
As a general detailing practice: transverse reinforcement should
be extended into the pile cap (min. 500mm)
APRIL 21, 2025
7 KNOWLEDGE SHARING SESSION
Reinforcement Detailing of Piles:
General details/considerations (Good Practices):
› Termination of pile in pile cap: Top of the pile shall be
projected 50mm into the pile cap
[IRC: 78-2014, cl. 709.5.1]
› Provide stiffener ring inside the main longitudinal steel, to
prevent buckling of reinforcement (12/16dia. circular rings)
Stiffener ring
› Advisable to provide even no. of bars in pile
April 21, 2025
8
Knowledge Sharing Session
Reinforcement Detailing of Piles:
General details/considerations (Good Practices):
› Don’t bend the bar at the pile tip:
› Define No Lapping zone:
(Pile longitudinal reinforcement should not be lapped at a location were
bending moment is maximum: this shall be based on pile bending
moment diagram)
› In case of large diameter bars (>Φ32) and bundled bars are used:
Provisions mentioned in EN 1992-1-1: cl. 8.8 & 8.9 shall be complied
APRIL 21, 2025
9 KNOWLEDGE SHARING SESSION
Reinforcement Detailing of Piles:
General details/considerations (Good Practices):
› Give proper anchorage to the pile reinforcement inside the
pile cap.
What if sufficient
space is not
available inside
the pile cap?
April 21, 2025
10
Knowledge Sharing Session
Reinforcement Detailing of Piles:
General details/considerations (Good Practices):
› Use of anchorage devices like Terminator Couplers
(this holds good, when we have pile which is purely in compression and sufficient space is not available to
bend the bars inside pile cap: as 100% anchorage can be assured)
APRIL 21, 2025
11 KNOWLEDGE SHARING SESSION
Reinforcement Detailing of Piles:
General details/considerations (Good Practices):
› What if, in case of a pile which purely in tension, and pile reinforcement needs to be lapped with the
pile cap top reinforcement
Plan View
April 21, 2025
12
Knowledge Sharing Session
Reinforcement Detailing of Piles:
Live Problem: KFIX Pile reinforcement Arrangement
1. Piles need to be cast about 1-m above the bottom of
concrete to ensure adequate concrete quality.
2. Contractor (MTH) is planning to cast the 5 piles for
Bascule pier, several meters above the final cut-off level Not Possible
inside the temporary steel casing.
3. Pile chipping is difficult since piles are offshore.
4. Pile rebars shall be straight at pile tops (i.e., not
horizontally bent) to allow for casing extraction after the
pile casting.
APRIL 21, 2025
13 KNOWLEDGE SHARING SESSION
Reinforcement Detailing in Piles:
Live Problem: KFIX Pile reinforcement Arrangement
› After casting the pile up to the desired level, the top of the pile is wire cut at the final level.
› Holes in the concrete will be made to install rubbed tubes or similar, GEWI bars will be installed with
terminators at the top, and grouting will be done.
› GEWI Bar Data:
Diameter: 16,20,28,32,40,50,63.5
Yield Strength: 500 Mpa
April 21, 2025
14
Knowledge Sharing Session
Questions
15 APRIL 21, 2025
Knowledge Sharing Session
THANK YOU
16
APRIL 21, 2025
16 April 21, 2025
KNOWLEDGE SHARING SESSION
