MIRPUR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (MUST), MIRPUR

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

 Artificial Intelligence
BIT-2409

Lecture 1 : Course Overview and Introduction

Ms. Sania Khadim

Lecturer
 COURSE DESCRIPTION
• A foundational course in computer science

• which is the study of the science of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer
programs. In this field we try to understand human intelligence and after it we use computers to
adapt (implement using computer programs) this intelligence. This subject contains concepts
from many other subjects of computer science and it uses these concepts to give practical
solutions for the benefit of human beings.
• The main questions addressed
• what is artificial intelligence and why it is important?
• What are different successful applications of artificial intelligence?
• How to Analyze and apply any search strategy over the given problem?
• How to characterize , classify and design expert systems?
• How to examine a Fuzzy system?

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 COURSE OBJECTIVES

Provide a concrete grasp of the fundamentals of various techniques

and branches that currently constitute the field of Artificial
Intelligence, e.g.,
1. Agents
2. Search
3. Knowledge Representation
4. Autonomous planning
5. Reasoning under uncertainty

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 COURSE SCHEDULE

Till Mid Term

• Introduction to Common Lisp. AI classical systems: General Problem Solver, rules, simple
search, means-ends analysis. ELIZA, pattern matching, rule based translators, OPS-5. Knowledge
Representation: Natural language, rules, productions, predicate logic, semantic networks, frames,
objects, scripts. Search: Depth first search, breadth first search, best first search, hill climbing, min-
max search, A* search, Symbolic Mathematics: student, solving algebra problems, translating
English equations, solving algebraic equations,

After Mid Term

• Simplification rules, re-write rules, meta-rules, Macsyma, PRESS, ATLAS. Learning: Learning
from Observations, Knowledge in Learning; Learning Methods, Reinforcement Learning.
Communicating, perceiving, and acting: Communication, Logic Programming: Resolution,
unification, horn-clause logic, Prolog, Prolog programming. Sample case studies of shells and
Knowledge Based Systems.

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 COURSE TEXTBOOKS

1. Artificial Intelligence by Luger, 4th edition, Pearson

Education
2. Understanding Artificial Intelligence by Henry C.
Mishkoff
3. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, by Stuart
Jonathan Russell, Peter Norvig, John F. Canny, 3nd
Edition, Prentice Hall.

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 GRADING POLICY

Mid Term: 30 %

Quizzes: 10 %

Assignments: 10 %

Semester Project: none

Final Exam: 50 %

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 HOMEWORK & ASSIGNMENT POLICY

Homework and assignments: will be assigned in class. Every student will have to
submit minimum of two assignments with in due date.
Collaboration policy: student may discuss the material covered in the
course with other fellows in order to understand it better but should work on
and written up individually.
Quizzes: There will be multiple announced/unannounced quizzes before midterm
and final term. Absent student will get ‘F’ grade.

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 Lecture Contents

• What is artificial intelligence?

• What can AI do?

• Different Applications of AI.

• References

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[Sci-Fi AI?]

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 What is AI?

The science of making machines that:

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 What is AI?

Rational Decisions
We’ll use the term rational in a very specific, technical way:
 Rational: maximally achieving pre-defined goals
 Rationality only concerns what decisions are made
(not the thought process behind them)
 Goals are expressed in terms of the utility of outcomes
 Being rational means maximizing your expected utility

A better title for this course would be:

Computational Rationality

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 What is AI?

What About the Brain?

 Brains (human minds) are very good at
making rational decisions, but not perfect
 Brains aren’t as modular as software, so
hard to reverse engineer!
 “Brains are to intelligence as wings are to
flight”
 Lessons learned from the brain: memory
and simulation are key to decision making

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 What Can AI Do?
Quiz: Which of the following can be done at present?

• Play a decent game of table tennis?

• Play a decent game of Jeopardy?
• Drive safely along a curving mountain road?
• Drive safely along Telegraph Avenue?
• Buy a week's worth of groceries on the web?
• Buy a week's worth of groceries at Berkeley Bowl?
• Discover and prove a new mathematical theorem?
• Converse successfully with another person for an hour?
• Perform a surgical operation?
• Put away the dishes and fold the laundry?
• Translate spoken Chinese into spoken English in real time?
• Write an intentionally funny story?

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 Applications of AI

Natural Language
• Speech technologies (e.g. Siri)
• Automatic speech recognition (ASR)
• Text-to-speech synthesis (TTS)
• Dialog systems
• Language processing technologies
• Question answering
• Machine translation

• Web search
• Text classification, spam filtering, etc…

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 Applications of AI

Vision (Perception)
 Object and face recognition
 Scene segmentation
 Image classification

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 Applications of AI

Robotics
• Robotics
• Part mech. eng.
• Part AI
• Reality much
harder than
simulations!
• Technologies
• Vehicles
• Rescue
• Soccer!
• Lots of automation…
• In this class:
• We ignore mechanical
aspects
• Methods for planning
• Methods for control Images from UC Berkeley, Boston Dynamics,
RoboCup, Google

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 Applications of AI

Decision Making
• Applied AI involves many kinds of automation
• Scheduling, e.g. airline routing, military
• Route planning, e.g. Google maps
• Medical diagnosis
• Web search engines
• Spam classifiers
• Automated help desks
• Fraud detection
• Product recommendations
• … Lots more!

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 Applications of AI

Designing Rational Agents

• An agent is an entity that perceives and
acts.
Sensors
• A rational agent selects actions that
maximize its (expected) utility. Percepts

Environment
• Characteristics of the percepts,
?
environment, and action space dictate

Agent
techniques for selecting rational actions
• This course is about:
• General AI techniques for a variety of Actuators
problem types Actions

• Learning to recognize when and how a

new problem can be solved with an
existing technique

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 References

• Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach by Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig,

Chapter 1.
• UC Berkeley, Introduction to AI, Available from: http://ai.berkeley.edu/home.html
[Accessed on 2nd May.2020]

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THANKS