MUSCULOSKELETAL
FAITH CHEROTICH RN, BScN
Introduction
The structures involved in enabling support and locomotion of the body
include:
1) the muscles
2) Bones
3) Ligaments
4) joints
Various bones
1)Bones
The bone is the hardest tissue in the body and when fully developed
comprises of:
a) Water 20 %
b) Organic material 30% to 40% made of bone cells
c) Inorganic materials 40% to 50% constituting of calcium
&phosphates
Covered by periosteum, contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and
food.
Inside the hollow bones there’s substance known as bone marrow.site
for blood cell formation.
The total number of bones in the human body is at least 206.
Functions of Bones
The bones perform several functions. They:
1) Provide the basic framework of the body
2) Provide points of attachments to muscles and tendons
3) Form a reservoir for calcium , mineralss
4) Permit movement of the body as a whole by forming joints
5) Form boundaries of many cavities, which provides protection to
organs within
6) Contain red bone marrow, which is involved in the production of
blood cells
TYPES OF BONES
• LONG BONES- bear the weight of the body eg leg bones
• Short bones- allow skill and ease in movements eg bones in the wrist,
fingers ,ankles
• Flat bones- they protect body organs include ribs, skull’pelvic bones
• Irregular bones- are the vertebrae in the spinal column. Allow degrees
of movement and flexibility.
2)JOINTS
• These are points in the body at which bones attach to each other. They
form the points at which many movements can be made and positions
changed.
Generally, there are three main types of joints:
• Fibrous joints, which are fixed and immovable joints. Examples include the
joints between various skull bones (or sutures).
• Cartilaginous joints, which are slightly movable and enable you to bend.
They have cartilage between two bones. Good examples are joints between
the vertebral bones.
• Synovial (diarthrosisl) joints, which are freely movable. They are further
subdivided into: ball and socket joints, hinge joints, gliding joints, pivot and
saddle
Synovial joints
Ball and Socket Joint Pivot Joint Hinge Joint
Range of motion
The various movements made at the joints include:
• Flexion: bending forward and backward. Reduction in size of a joint.
The knee joint is a good example of this.
• Extension: straightening or bending backwards. Increase in the size of
a joint.
• Abduction: movement away from the midline. The best example of
this is moving your arm or leg away from your body laterally.
• Adduction-movement towards the midline.
• Eversion: turning the sole of the foot outwards.
• Inversion: turning the sole of foot inwards.
• Supination: turning the palm up.
Range of motion cont…..
• Pronation: turning the palm downwards.
• Dorsiflexion-the backward bending and contracting of your hand or
foot.(when you lift the forward portion of the foot up)
• Plantarflexion-when you push the forward portion of foot down
• Rotation: movement around the long axis. You may use either the
lower limb or the upper limb.
• Circumduction: a combination of adduction, flexion and extension.
Muscles and Ligaments
Muscle tissues belong to either of three groups. These are:
1) visceral,
2) cardiac
3) skeletal.
• Cardiac muscle is exclusively found in the heart.
• Skeletal muscle is what makes up most of the structures in your body.
• Visceral muscle makes up the intestines and the hollow organs. It is
not striated and is involuntary.
• Muscles can contract and are extensible and elastic. They are also
irritable, which explains why nerve impulses can excite them.
Functions of Muscles
Muscles are influenced by nerve impulse, hormones and, for cardiac
muscle, impulses generated in the heart muscle
The functions of the muscles can, therefore, be listed as:
i. Maintenance of body posture or muscle tone
ii. Protecting internal structures
iii. Producing movement in conjunction with muscles, bones
and joints
iv. Production of body heat; contraction.
Sphincters
• Are circular bands of muscle fibres. They constrict narrow a passage
or close a passage.
• Examples
1. The pyloric sphincter-an opening from the stomach into the small
intestine.Opens to allow food move, closes to hold food in the
stomach for digestion.
2. The anal sphincter-keeps anus closed.Open to allow bowel
movement.
3. Urethral sphincters-seal off the bladder. Allow urine to collect in the
bladder.
Disorders of Bones
Disorders of the bones range from those that occur as a result of altered
growth and development, to those due to disordered metabolism, neoplasm,
injuries and their complications.
• Scoliosis- which is lateral deviation of the spinal column
• Kyphosis- exaggeration in the curvature of the thoracic spine
• Lumbar Lordosis- exaggeration in the curvature of
• Osteomalacia and Rickets
• Bone Tumours
• Fractures
• Arthritis
• Gout
• Low back pain
•Any questions?
•Thank you
