Chapter 2 AI
Chapter 2 AI
Chapter 2
Intelligent agents
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OUTLINE
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AGENTS AND
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ENVIRONMENT
An agent is anything that perceives
its environment through sensors and
acts upon that environment through
actuators.
An agent runs in the cycle of
perceiving, thinking, and acting.
An agent can be:
Human agent
Robotic agent
Software agent 04/26/25
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Human Agent
Human agent has:
Software Agent
A software agent receives:
File contents
Network packets
Human input
(keyboard/mouse/touchscreen/voice) as
sensory inputs
It acts on the environment by:
Writing files
Sending network packets, and
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Displaying information or generating sounds
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INTELLIGENT AGENT
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An intelligent agent is an
autonomous entity which act upon
an environment using sensors and
actuators for achieving goals.
An intelligent agent may learn from
the environment to achieve their
goals.
A thermostat is an example of an
intelligent agent.
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A nondeterministic environment is
random in nature and cannot be
determined completely by an agent.
Example:
Chess- there would be only a few
possible moves for a coin at the current
state and these moves can be
determined.
Self Driving Cars- the actions of a self-
driving car are not unique, it varies from
time to time. 04/26/25
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For example,
An agent that has to spot defective parts
on an assembly line bases each decision
on the current part, regardless of
previous decisions.
Moreover, the current decision doesn’t
affect whether the next part is defective.
In sequential environments, the current
decision could affect all future decisions.
Chess and taxi driving are sequential.
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Forexample,
The chess environment has a finite
number of distinct states, discrete set of
percepts and actions.
Taxi driving is a continuous-state and
continuous-time problem:
Thespeed and location of the taxi and of
the other vehicles sweep through a range
of continuous values and do so smoothly
over time.
Taxi-driving actions are also continuous
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(steering angles, driving, parking, etc).
STRUCTURE OF INTELLIGENT
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AGENTS
The job of AI is to design an agent
program that implements the agent
function-the mapping from percepts
to actions.
This program will run on some sort of
computing device with physical sensors
and actuators-agent architecture
AGENT=ARCHITECTURE +
PROGRAM
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3. Goal-based Agents
Knowing something about the current
state of the environment is not always
enough to decide what to do.
The agent needs some sort of goal
information that describes situations
that are desirable.
Goal-based agents expand the
capabilities of the model-based agent
by having the "goal" information to
choose actions that achieve the goal.
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A model-based, goal-based
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agent
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4. Utility-based Agents
Goals alone are not enough to generate
high-quality behavior in most
environments.
Utility-based agents provide an extra
component of utility measurement which
makes them different by providing a
measure of success at a given state.
Utility-based agent acts based not only
goals but also the best way to achieve the
goal. 04/26/25
CONT’D…
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LEARNING AGENT
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CONT’D…
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