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Lecture 2

Lecture 2 covers the Laplace Transform, a mathematical operation that converts time-domain functions into the Laplace domain. It discusses key properties, such as linearity, integration, differentiation, and theorems for initial and final values. Additionally, it introduces MATLAB for practical applications of the Laplace Transform.

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Abdul Haseeb Shakir
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4 views

Lecture 2

Lecture 2 covers the Laplace Transform, a mathematical operation that converts time-domain functions into the Laplace domain. It discusses key properties, such as linearity, integration, differentiation, and theorems for initial and final values. Additionally, it introduces MATLAB for practical applications of the Laplace Transform.

Uploaded by

Abdul Haseeb Shakir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 2: The Laplace

Transform
• Laplace transform definition

• Laplace transform properties

ENGR 4220/5220, Lecture 2


• Relation between time and Laplace
domains
• Initial and Final Value Theorem

• Introduction to MATLAB 1
The Laplace Transform
• The Laplace transform is a mathematical
operation that takes an equation from
being a function of time, t, to being a
function of the Laplace variable, s

ENGR 4220/5220, Lecture 2



L [ f (t )]  f (t )e dt F ( s )
 st
0

• Some mathematical operations become


much simpler in the Laplace domain
2
• We will never solve this integral, will use
tables
Table of Laplace
pairs on pages 18- Item No. f(t) F(s)
19

unit 1. δ(t) t 1
impulse 1 1
unit step 2. 1(t)
t s
1
unit ramp 3. t t s2

ENGR 4220/5220, Lecture 2


n!
4. t n
s n+1
1
5. e-at
s+a
ω
6. sin (ωt)
s 2 + ω2
s
7. cos (ωt) 3
s 2 + ω2
Properties of the Laplace
Transform
1. Linearity
Table of Laplace L [af (t )  bg (t )] 
properties on page
20 aL [ f (t )]  bL [ g (t )] 

ENGR 4220/5220, Lecture 2


aF ( s )  bG ( s )

- constants factor out and Laplace


operation distributes over addition and
subtraction
L [ f (t ) g (t )] F ( s ) G ( s )
- note: 4
Properties of the Laplace
Transform
often zero
2. Integration
 f (t )dt 
F ( s)    t 0
L  f (t )dt   
  s s
   
F ( s )  f (t )dt dt  t 0  f (t )dt  t 0

ENGR 4220/5220, Lecture 2


L  f (t )dt dt   2  
  s s 2
s
3. Differentiation
These properties
 df  turn differential
L   sF ( s )  f (0)
 dt  equations into
d f
2
 algebraic 5
L 2   s 2
F ( s )  sf (0)  f (0) equations
 dt 
Properties of the Laplace
Transform
4. Multiplication by e-at
 at
L [e f (t )] F ( s  a )
- important for damped response
Note: roots of

ENGR 4220/5220, Lecture 2


denominator
(poles) in Laplace
 at
Example: L [e cos t ] domain = roots of
characteristic
f(t) equation in the
time domain
s
from Laplace pairs table, F ( s ) = L [cos t ]  2
s 2
sa 6
then from prop above, F ( s  a) 
( s  a)2   2
Properties of the Laplace
Transform
5. Time shift
 as
L [ f (t  a )1(t  a )] e F ( s ), a 0

ENGR 4220/5220, Lecture 2


- important for analyzing time delays

7
Properties of Laplace
Transform
6. Multiplication by t

dF ( s )
L [tf (t )] 
ds

ENGR 4220/5220, Lecture 2


2
2 d F ( s)
L [t f (t )]  2
ds
n
n n d F (s)
L [t f (t )] ( 1)
ds n 8
Example 0 for t<0

• Find L [2te  3t  5]
 3t
= 2L [te ]  5L [1(t )] (by property 1)
1
1
 L [t ]  2 s
s
 3t 1
 L [te ]  2
(by property 4)
( s  3)
2 5
= 2

( s  3) s
Example
Laplace/Time Domain
Relationship
• Previously, saw how poles of X(s) relate to
x(t)
• Two further relationships between X(s) and
x(t):

ENGR 4220/5220, Lecture 2



Initial ) lim
f (0Value sF ( s ),
Theorem if the lim exists
s 

f () Theorem
Final Value lim f (t ) lim sF ( s ),
t  s 0
11
if [poles of sF ( s)]  0
Example
s 3
• Find the initial value of f(t), where
F (s)  2
s ( s  6 s  13)
1
2
s ( s  3) ( s  3) s
f (0) lim sF ( s ) lim 2 lim 2
s  s   s ( s  6 s  13) s   ( s  6 s  13) 1
2
s
1 3
 2
lim s s
s  6 13
1  2
s s
0
Example
s 3
F (s)  2
• Find the final value of f(t), where
s ( s  6 s  13)

s ( s  3)
f () lim f (t ) lim sF ( s ) lim 2
t  s 0 s  0 s ( s  6 s  13)

( s  3) 3
lim 2 
s  0 ( s  6 s  13) 13

poles of sF ( s )  3 2 j ,
since <0, limit exists
MATLAB Introduction

ENGR 4220/5220, Lecture 2


14

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