Home Project About Me Contact

IP ADDRESS
 Home Project About Me Contact

IP ADDRESS

An IP address (Internet Protocol

address) is a unique number assigned
to a device on a network, allowing it to
communicate with other devices over
the internet or a local network. It acts
like a home address, helping data find
the right destination.
 Home Project About Me Contact

BASED ON
IP VERSION
IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4)
• 32-bit address (e.g., 192.168.1.1)
• Supports 4.3 billion addresses
• Written in dotted decimal format (e.g., 192.0.2.1)
IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6)
• 128-bit address (e.g., 2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:733
• Supports trillions of unique addresses
• Written in hexadecimal format with colons (:)
 Home Project About Me Contact

BASED ON
ACCESSIBILITY
Public IP Address
• Assigned by Internet Service Providers (ISP)
• Used for direct communication over the internet
• Example: 8.8.8.8 (Google's DNS)
Private IP Address
• Used within local networks (LANs)
• Not accessible over the internet
• Example ranges:
⚬ 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
⚬ 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
⚬ 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255
 Home Project About Me Contact

BASED ON
ASSIGNMENT
Static IP Address
• Manually assigned and does not change
• Used for servers, remote access, and hosting services
Dynamic IP Address
• Assigned by DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protoc
• Changes periodically to optimize address usage
 Home Project About Me Contact

BASED ON
FUNCTIONALITY
Loopback IP Address
• Used for internal testing on a device
• Always 127.0.0.1 (IPv4)
Multicast IP Address
• Used for one-to-many communication
• IPv4 range: 224.0.0.0 – 239.255.255.255
Broadcast IP Address
• Sends data to all devices on a network
• Example: 255.255.255.255
Anycast IP Address (IPv6 only)
• A single address assigned to multiple devices
• Routes traffic to the nearest available device
 Home Project About Me Contact

BASED ON
IPV4 ADDRESS
CLASS
IPv4 addresses are divided into five classes:
 Home Project About Me Contact

SUBNETTING
 Home Project About Me Contact

Subnetting is the process of

dividing a large IP network
into smaller, more
manageable subnetworks
(subnets). It improves
efficiency, security, and
performance by reducing
congestion and optimizing
IP address usage.
 Home Project About Me Contact

WHY IS SUBNETTING
NEEDED?
1.Efficient IP Address Usage
• Prevents wastage of IP addresses in large
networks.
• Example: A company with 1,000 devices does not
need an entire Class A (16 million IPs) network.
2. Improves Network Performance
• Reduces broadcast traffic, minimizing congestion.
• Each subnet operates independently, improving
speed.
3. Enhances Security
• Different departments (e.g., HR, IT, Finance) can
have separate subnets to isolate sensitive data.
4. Better Network Management
• Large organizations can easily segment networks
 Home Project About Me Contact

HOW SUBNETTING
WORKS

Subnetting involves
borrowing bits from the
host portion of an IP
address to create
additional network
segments.
Salford & Co. Home Project About Me Contact

A subnet mask determines which portion of an IP

SUBNET MASK
01
address belongs to the network and which belongs to
the host.

Example:
• IP Address: 192.168.1.100
• Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
• Network Portion: 192.168.1
• Host Portion: 100
 Home Project About Me Contact

SUBNETTING
EXAMPLE

Imagine a company with

an IP 192.168.1.0/24
(default subnet mask:
255.255.255.0), and they
need four subnets.
 Home Project About Me Contact

01 1.Find the Number of Bits Needed

⚬ Each subnet needs its own network identifier.
⚬ Formula: 2^n ≥ required subnets STEPS TO
⚬ 2^2 = 4 (so we borrow 2 bits from the host
portion) SUBNET
2.New Subnet Mask
⚬ Default Mask: 255.255.255.0 (/24)
⚬ Borrowing 2 bits: 255.255.255.192 (/26)
3.Subnet Ranges
 Home Project About Me Contact

CIDR NOTATION
(CLASSLESS INTER-
DOMAIN ROUTING)
CIDR notation is a compact
way to represent subnet
masks.
• Example:
⚬ 255.255.255.0 =
/24
⚬ 255.255.255.192
= /26
 Home Project About Me Contact

KEY SUBNETTING
FORMULAS
1.Number of Subnets = 2^borrowed
bits
2.Hosts per Subnet = (2^remaining
host bits) - 2 (excluding network &
broadcast addresses)
3.Subnet Increment = 256 - Subnet
Mask's Last Octet
 Home Project About Me Contact

ADVANTAGES OF
SUBNETTING
• Reduces IP Waste
• Improves Security (isolated
networks)
• Better Network Performance (less

congestion)
• Easier Troubleshooting
 Home Project About Me Contact

BASIC LOCAL AREA

NETWORK (LAN) SETUP
 Home Project About Me Contact

BASIC LOCAL AREA

NETWORK (LAN)
SETUP

A Local Area Network (LAN) is a

network that connects computers and
devices within a limited area (e.g.,
home, office, school).
 Home Project About Me Contact

COMPONENTS REQUIRED FOR

A LAN SETUP
To set up a LAN, you need the following:
A. Hardware Components
• Router – Connects the LAN to the internet and manages
traffic.
• Switch – Expands the network by connecting multiple
devices.
• Modem – (Optional) Converts internet signals from ISP.
• Computers & Devices – Laptops, desktops, printers, smart
TVs, etc.
• Ethernet Cables (RJ-45) – Used for wired connections.
• Wi-Fi Access Point (AP) – Provides wireless connectivity.
B. Software Components
• Operating System (OS) – Windows, Linux, or macOS with
networking features.
• Network Drivers – Ensures proper communication between
devices.
 Home Project About Me Contact

STEPS TO SET UP A
BASIC LAN
Step 1: Plan Your Network
• Decide whether the LAN will be

wired, wireless, or hybrid.

• Identify the number of devices to

connect.
• Choose a suitable IP addressing

scheme (Dynamic via DHCP or

Static).
 Home Project About Me Contact

STEPS TO SET UP A
BASIC LAN
Step 2: Connect the Hardware
For a Wired LAN:
• Connect the Router to the modem (if
using internet).
• Connect a Switch to the router (if
needed).
• Use Ethernet Cables to connect
computers, printers, and other devices.
For a Wireless LAN:
• Turn on the Router and enable Wi-Fi
settings.
• Connect devices to the router's Wi-Fi
network.
• Configure Wi-Fi Security (WPA3/WPA2
 Home Project About Me Contact

STEPS TO SET UP A
BASIC LAN
Step 3: Configure Network Settings
Router Configuration:
• Login via browser (192.168.1.1 or
192.168.0.1).
• Set up SSID (Wi-Fi Name) and Wi-Fi

Password.
• Enable MAC Filtering & Firewall for
security.
IP Addressing:
• Enable DHCP (Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol) to auto-assign IPs.
• Optionally, assign Static IPs for devices
 Home Project About Me Contact

STEP 4: TEST AND

TROUBLESHOOT
• Ping Devices (ping
192.168.1.2) to check
connectivity.
• Ensure devices obtain IP
addresses correctly.
• Check firewall and antivirus
settings if there are
connection issues.
 Home Project About Me Contact

EXAMPLE LAN SETUP DIAGRAM

 Home Project About Me Contact

SECURITY BEST PRACTICES

• Change default router credentials

(avoid "admin/admin").
• Use WPA2/WPA3 encryption for Wi-

Fi.
• Disable Remote Router Access
unless necessary.
• Enable Firewall and MAC Filtering.
 Home Project About Me Contact

CONNECTING
COMPUTERS ON A
LOCAL NETWORK
 Home Project About Me Contact

HOW TO CONNECT COMPUTERS

ON A LOCAL NETWORK (LAN)

Connecting computers on a Local

Area Network (LAN) allows them to
share files, printers, and resources
efficiently. Below are the different
methods to connect computers in a
LAN:
 Home Project About Me Contact

WIRED CONNECTION (USING

ETHERNET)
A wired LAN provides a more stable and faster
connection using Ethernet cables.
Steps to Connect Computers via Ethernet:
1.Connect Computers to a Router or Switch
⚬ Use Ethernet cables (RJ-45) to connect

each computer to the router or network

switch.
⚬ The router assigns IP addresses
automatically via DHCP.
 Home Project About Me Contact

STEPS TO CONNECT
COMPUTERS VIA ETHERNET:
Check Network Settings on Each Computer
• Windows:
⚬ Open Control Panel > Network and Sharing Center.
⚬ Click Change adapter settings.
⚬ Right-click Ethernet, select Properties, and check

TCP/IPv4.
⚬ Set to Obtain an IP address automatically (DHCP).
• Linux/macOS:
⚬ Open Network Settings.
⚬ Enable Wired Connection and set to DHCP.
 Home Project About Me Contact

STEPS TO CONNECT
COMPUTERS VIA ETHERNET:
Verify Connectivity
• Open Command Prompt (cmd) and type:

ping 192.168.1.2

• If a response is received, the computers are connected.

 Home Project About Me Contact

STEPS TO CONNECT
COMPUTERS VIA ETHERNET:
Enable File and Printer Sharing
⚬ In Windows, go to Network and Sharing Center >

Advanced Sharing Settings.

⚬ Enable File and Printer Sharing.
⚬ Right-click a folder > Properties > Sharing > Share

with Specific People.

 Home Project About Me Contact

WIRELESS CONNECTION (USING

WI-FI)
A wireless LAN (WLAN) allows computers to connect
without physical cables.

Steps to Connect Computers via Wi-Fi:

1.Connect All Computers to the Same Wi-Fi Network
⚬ Ensure all computers join the same Wi-Fi SSID.
⚬ Verify the router's IP address (usually 192.168.1.1 or

192.168.0.1).
 Home Project About Me Contact

STEPS TO CONNECT
COMPUTERS VIA WI-FI:
Check IP Address Configuration
• On each computer, run:

ipconfig (Windows) or ifconfig (Linux/macOS)

• Ensure all devices have an IP address in the same

subnet (192.168.1.x).
 Home Project About Me Contact

STEPS TO CONNECT
COMPUTERS VIA WI-FI:
Check IP Address Configuration
• On each computer, run:

ipconfig (Windows) or ifconfig (Linux/macOS)

• Ensure all devices have an IP address in the same

subnet (192.168.1.x).
 Home Project About Me Contact

STEPS TO CONNECT
COMPUTERS VIA WI-FI:
Enable Network Discovery and File Sharing
• Windows: Open Control Panel > Network

& Sharing Center > Advanced Sharing

Settings.
• Turn on Network Discovery and File &

Printer Sharing.
 Home Project About Me Contact

STEPS TO CONNECT
COMPUTERS VIA WI-FI:
1.Test Connection

⚬ Open Command Prompt and type:

ping 192.168.1.3

⚬ If a response is received, the

computers are connected.
 Home Project About Me Contact

CONNECTING COMPUTERS
DIRECTLY (WITHOUT ROUTER)
If no router or switch is available, computers can be
connected directly.
A. Using an Ethernet Crossover Cable
1.Connect two computers using an Ethernet
crossover cable.
2.Assign Static IP Addresses:
⚬ Computer 1: 192.168.1.1, Subnet Mask:
255.255.255.0.
⚬ Computer 2: 192.168.1.2, Subnet Mask:
255.255.255.0.
3.Test the connection using the ping command.
 Home Project About Me Contact

CONNECTING COMPUTERS
DIRECTLY (WITHOUT ROUTER)

B. Using Wi-Fi (Ad-Hoc Mode / Mobile Hotspot)

• Create a Wi-Fi hotspot on one computer.
• Connect the second computer to the Wi-Fi

hotspot.
• Assign Static IPs or use DHCP if available.
 Home Project About Me Contact

CONNECTING COMPUTERS
DIRECTLY (WITHOUT ROUTER)
Verifying the Connection
• Ping Other Computers:

ping 192.168.1.2
• Check Network Devices:
⚬ In Windows, open File Explorer > Network

to see shared computers.

• Use File Sharing:
⚬ Right-click a folder > Properties >
Sharing > Advanced Sharing.
 Home Project About Me Contact

THANK YOU