MODULE-1

E-VEHICLE
 Introduction
 Electric vehicles use electricity to charge

their batteries instead of using fossil

fuels like petrol or diesel. Electric
vehicles are more efficient, and that
combined with the electricity cost means
that charging an electric vehicle is cheaper
than filling petrol or diesel for your travel
requirements.
 The Main Components of Electric Vehicles
 Electric vehicles consists of an electric motor that is powered by a battery pack.
The main advantage of electric vehicles is that they emit zero emissions and are
eco-friendly. They also do not consume any fossil fuels, hence use a sustainable
form of energy for powering the car. The main components of electric vehicles are :
 Traction battery pack
 DC-DC Converter
 Electric motor
 Power inverter
 Charge Port
 Onboard charger
 Controller
 Auxiliary batteries
 Thermal system (cooling)
 Transmission
 1. Traction battery pack
 A traction battery pack is also known as an
Electric vehicle battery (EVB). It powers the
electric motors of an electric vehicle. The battery acts
as an electrical storage system. It stores energy in the
form of DC current. The range will be higher with
increasing kW of the battery. The life and operation of
the battery depending on its design. The lifetime of a
traction battery pack is estimated to be 200,000
miles.

 2. DC-DC Converter
 The traction battery pack delivers a
constant voltage. But different components
of the vehicle have different requirements.
The DC-DC converter distributes the
output power that is coming from the
battery to a required level. It also provides
the voltage required to charge the auxiliary
battery
 Electric motor
 The electric traction motor is the main component of an
electric vehicle. The motor converts electrical energy into
kinetic energy. This energy rotates the wheels. An electric
motor is the main component that differentiates an electric
car from a conventional car. An important feature of an
electric motor is the regenerative braking mechanism.
This mechanism slows down the vehicle by converting its
kinetic energy into another form and storing it for future
use. There are basically two types of motors DC and AC
motors.
 4. Power Inverter
 It converts DC power from the batteries to AC power. It also
converts the AC current generated during regenerative
braking into a DC current. This is further used to recharge
the batteries. The inverter can change the speed of the
 5. Charge Port
 The charge port connects the
electric vehicle to an external supply.
It charges the battery pack. The
charge port is sometimes located in
the front or rear part of the vehicle.

 6. Onboard charger
 The onboard charger is used to
convert the AC supply received from
the charge port to the DC supply.
The onboard charger is located and
installed inside the car. It monitors
various battery characteristics and
controls the current flowing inside
the battery
 7. Controller
 The power electronics controller determines the working of an electric car.
It performs the regulation of electrical energy from the batteries to the
electric motors. The pedal set by the driver determines the speed of the
vehicle and the frequency of variation of voltage that is input to the motor.
It also controls the torque produced
 8. Auxiliary batteries
 Auxiliary batteries are the source of electrical energy for the accessories in
electric vehicles. Without the main battery, the auxiliary batteries will
continue to charge the car. It prevents the voltage drop, produced during
engine start from affecting the electrical system.
 9. Thermal system(cooling)
 The thermal management system is responsible for maintaining an
operating temperature for the main components of an electric vehicle such
as an electric motor, controller, etc. It functions during charging as well to
obtain maximum performance. It uses a combination of thermoelectric
cooling, forced air cooling, and liquid cooling.
 How does charging work in Electric vehicles?
 Electric vehicles operate on the principle of converting
electric energy into mechanical energy, which is then
utilized to generate kinetic energy and enable vehicle
mobility
 EVs use an electric motor rather than a traditional gasoline
engine. Electric energy, therefore, replaces traditional fuel
(petrol/diesel). Electrical energy is converted into
mechanical energy by the electric motor.
 Electric vehicle conversion
 In automobile engineering, electric vehicle conversion is the
replacement of a car's combustion engine and connected components
with an electric motor and batteries, to create an all-electric vehicle
(AEV).
 There are two main aims for converting an internal combustion engine
vehicle (aka combustion vehicle) to run as a battery-electric vehicle.
The first is to reduce the emissions of vehicles that are already on the
road, as electric vehicles do not produce any emissions themselves.
 The second is to reduce the vast amount of waste created when cars
reach the end of their lifecycle – as older cars or those written off after
a road traffic accident are typically scrapped. This creates a
considerable amount of metal, plastic and fabric waste, and uses a
large amount of energy to recycle discarded parts into useful materials.
 CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES
 There are four types of electric vehicles available:
 Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV):Fully powered by electricity. These are
more efficient compared to hybrid and plug-in hybrids.
 Hybrid Electric Vehicle:
◦ Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV): The vehicle uses both the internal
combustion (usually petrol) engine and the battery-powered motor
powertrain. The petrol engine is used both to drive and charge when the
battery is empty. These vehicles are not as efficient as fully electric or
plug-in hybrid vehicles.
◦ Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV): Uses both an internal
combustion engine and a battery charged from an external socket (they
have a plug). This means the vehicle’s battery can be charged with
electricity rather than the engine. PHEVs are more efficient than HEVs
but less efficient than BEVs.
 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV):Electric energy is produced from
chemical energy. For example, a hydrogen FCEV.
 Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)
 BEVs are also known as All-Electric Vehicles (AEV). Electric
Vehicles using BEV technology run entirely on a battery-
powered electric drivetrain. The electricity used to drive the
vehicle is stored in a large battery pack which can be
charged by plugging into the electricity grid. The charged
battery pack then provides power to one or more electric
motors to run the electric car. To find out more about BEVs,
click below.
 Main Components of BEV:
 Electric motor, Inverter, Battery, Control Module, Drive train
 Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV):
 HEVs are also known as series hybrid or parallel hybrid.
HEVs have both engine and electric motor. The engine gets
energy from fuel, and the motor gets electricity from
batteries. The transmission is rotated simultaneously by
both engine and electric motor. This then drives the wheels.
To find out more about HEVs, click below.
 Main Components of HEV:
 Engine, Electric motor, Battery pack with controller &
inverter, Fuel tank, Control module
 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV):
 The PHEVs are also known as series hybrids. They have
both engine and a motor. You can choose among the fuels,
conventional fuel (such as petrol) or alternative fuel (such
as bio-diesel). It can also be powered by a rechargeable
battery pack. The battery can be charged externally. To find
out more about PHEVs, click below.
 PHEVs can run in at least 2 modes:
 All-electric Mode, in which the motor and battery provide all
the car’s energy
 Hybrid Mode, in which both electricity and petrol/diesel are
employed
 Main Components of PHEV:
 Electric motor, Engine, Inverter, Battery, Fuel tank, Control
module, Battery Charger (if onboard model)
 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle(FCEV):
 FCEVs are also known as Zero-Emission Vehicles. They
employ ‘fuel cell technology’ to generate the electricity
required to run the vehicle. The chemical energy of the fuel
is converted directly into electric energy. To find out more
about FCEVs, click below.
 Main Components of FCEV:
 Electric motor, Fuel-cell stack, Hydrogen storage tank,
battery with converter and controller
 Subsystems of E-Vehicle


 Introduction
 The automotive industry has made several monumental advancements
in vehicular technology that have redefined the understanding of
modern transportation while still achieving and maintaining the
functional safety aspect of creating advanced products. One active
example of an opportunity the industry is currently thriving toward is
electrification. The development of electric vehicle (EV) products
makes testing necessary to ensure the safety and quality of their
performance. In addition, that establishes the importance of Electric
Vehicle Subsystems and their interactions—understanding how the
implementation of these different components affects the construction
of larger electrified systems will allow for the overall EV
development process to be more efficient
 What are Electric Vehicle Subsystems?
 Before dissecting an EV’s different subsystems and
describing how they interact with each other, it is best
to define what they are. Put simply these subsystems
reflect the different components that make up an
entire vehicle when built together. The vehicle itself
can be considered a larger system, which would make
components like the chassis, cabin, suspension, and
battery, and motor—(or engine, in a conventional
vehicle)—the vehicle subsystems. Typically, with the
way products have been developed and continue to
be within the EV market, there is a commonality
between which subsystems make up an EV.
 NORMS AND STANDARDS AS PER
ARAI,AIS
 AIS stands for Automotive Industry
Standards, the technical automotive
standards for India. These are based on
the UNECE standards. AIS certification was
introduced in 1989 with the adoption of the
India Central Motor Vehicles Rules (CMVR).
 ARAI STANDARDS
 Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI)
 ARAI develops standards for vehicles and its components.
These standards are marked as AIS-XXX standards. AIS-138
Part 1 specifies the charging requirements for AC Charging
and AIS-138 Part 2 specifies the charging requirements for
DC Charging for all electric vehicles (2/3/4) wheelers with
the exception of trolley buses, rail vehicles and off-road
industrial vehicles. As selection of equipment is critical in
setting-up of electric vehicle charging station, mentioned
below are the mandates required as per government as well as
the AIS-Standard:
* Features of the Electric Vehicles

 Zero-emission:
 Unlike conventional vehicles, all-electric
vehicles emit no emissions due to the use of
electrical energy. Because electric cars do
not release hazardous gases, they
contribute to the reduction of fast-growing
air pollution caused by automotive
emissions.
 Low maintenance costs:
 The initial expenditure required to acquire an EV
is more than that required to own a conventional
automobile. However, because electric vehicles
have fewer mechanical parts, their maintenance
costs are significantly lower in the long term.
 Furthermore, the operating costs of an
electric automobile are minimal since
electrical energy is less expensive than
traditional petrol
 Easy to drive:
 Battery-powered vehicles are simple to

operate since they lack a clutch and need

manual gear changing. All you have to do is
press the gas pedal and go. With minimal
noise, it is easier to concentrate on the
road, which is not the case with
gasoline/diesel vehicles.
 Conclusion:-
 The advancements made in the electric

2/3/4 wheeler sector in recent years are

increasing, but also critical because of rising
global greenhouse gas emissions. As
illustrated in the economic, social, and
environmental analyses parts of this
website, the benefits of electric scooty
/rickshaw/ cars greatly outweigh the costs.
*THANK YOU*